New additions - Nouns - Economy, trade, crafts and tools

New vocabulary of P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron nouns, related to the topics of economy, agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, craftsmanship, crafts and tools, trade and commerce.

 

This article is largelly complete in terms of its contents and its current state. 

(C) "Grond" - Castar and tharni coins - 3D render

General terms

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• placeholder - pron. placeholder - "placeholder" - placeholder, "placeholder" (Q.) - Placeholder
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Materials and resources

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
• ter, tîr (Ad./W.), teri (W.) - pron. ter, teer/tier, teri - "wood", "woods" - tavar, turu, "wood" (Q.) - General terms for "wood" and "wooden materials". Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. In some dialects of Westron, the plural number does not use the form tîr, but teri.
• pinê - pron. piné - "plank", "board", "wooden plate" - pano, "plank", "board" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
• bora, bori - pron. bora, bori - "rock", "stone" (sg.), "rocks", "stones" (pl.) - bor, "rock", "stone" (EdL) - Derived from the Edain term bor, "stone", "rock". The Edain languages of the First Age formed the basis for the future Adunaic, the language of the Númenoreans, were its ancestors. 
  
• rûta, rûtaz - pron. rúta, rútaz - "metal" - rauta, "metal", (Q.), pharaz, "gold" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya and canon Adunaic terms.
• karrûta(z), bora n'karrûta(z) - pron. kar-root-uh(z), bora n'kar-root-uh(z) - "copper", "copper ore" - karas(a), "red" (P-AdW), rûta, "metal" (P-AdW), bora, "stone" (P-AdW) - Tolkien had originally introduced the term rauta with the meaning  "copper", but later changed the meaning to the more general "metal".
  
• angê, angal bora, bora n'angê (Ad.), ange, angal bora, bora n'ange (W.) - pron. angé/ange, angla bora, bora n'angé/ange - "iron", "iron ore" - elvish ang- and anga (elvish), "iron", bora, "stone" (P-AdW) - Literally "iron", "iron stone", "stone-iron". In P-AdW Westron, it contains the short letter "e", without the long vowel diacritic seen in P-AdW Adunaic.
• ârangê (Ad.), ârange (W.) - pron. árangé, árange - "steel" - âr-, "royal", "kingly" (Ad.), angê, ange, "iron" (P-AdW) - Literally "royal iron", "kingly iron". Other colloquial, folk variations on this term include, e.g. akarangê, "knife iron", bora an-akar, "knife rock", abanrud an-akar, "knife stone", zagarangê, "sword iron", bora an-zagar, "sword rock", abanrud an-zagar, "sword stone".
• kalên, kalîn - vysl. ka-lén, ka-leen - "glass", "glasses" - cilin, "glass" (Q.), hyellë, "glass", "glass item", "glass object", "drinking glass" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms. 
  
• lana, lanî - pron. la-na, la-nee/la-knee - "thread", "thread-fibre" (sg.), "thread", "thread-fibre" (pl.) - lanya, "thread", "fibre-thread", "warp" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. The definite article form in the singular number is lanet ("that thread", etc.) and in the plural number lanît ("those threads", etc.)
• pinik - pron. pinik - "small board", "small plate", "platelet" - pinê, "board", "plank", "wooden platelet" (P-AdW), -ik, ending suffix for diminutives (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a P-AdW ending suffix derived from canon Adunaic. A term used mainly for metal (i.e. iron, steel, bronze, etc.) platelets, small plates and other similar flat-shaped metal parts.
• sulan - pron. sulan - "shaft (of a tool)", "haft" - sulum, "mast" (Ad.) - Derived from the canon Adunaic term for "mast".
• sarm, sarmî - pron. sarm, sarmee - "string", "cord", "twine", "(musical) string" (sg.), "strings", "cords", "twine", "(musical) strings" (pl.) - The definite article form in the singular number is sarmet ("that string", etc.)  and in the plural number sarmît ("those strings", etc.)
  
• sarmag, sarmîg - pron. sar-mug, sar-meeg - "rope", "line" (sg.), "rope", "line" (pl.) - sarm, "povraz", "motúz" (P-AdW) - The definite article form in the singular number is sarmaget ("the rope", "that rope", etc.) and in the plural number sarmîgit ("the ropes", "those ropes", etc.).
• nitîrter, nitîrteri - pron. nit-ear-ter, nit-ear-teri - "kindling", "pieces of kindling" -  nitîr, "kindler" (Ad.), ter, "wood", teri, "woods" (Q.) - General terms for small pieces of wood used as kindling, as smaller pieces of wood for lighting a fire and keeping it initially alive and burning, such as a campfire, or a fire in a stove, oven or a fireplace. Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and the newly-introduced P-AdW term.
  

(C) J. R. R. Tolkien - Númenorean decorative tile

(C) Matěj Čadil - Númenorean tile

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(C) Alan Lee - Narvi

(C) Sergio Artigas - Dwarwen gear

Tools and devices

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• akar, akîr, akrat - pron. akar, akeer, akrat - "knife" (sg.), "knives" (pl.), "a pair of knives" (dl.) - karan, "rozseknúť", "rozčesnúť", "(pre)rezať" (W./P-AdW), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term and from a canon Adunaic term.  
• attakarat - pron. at-ta-kar-at - "scissors" - atta-, a(t)ta-, "two-", "double", "doubled" (Q.), atta-, "double-" (P-AdW.), akar, "knife" (P-AdW), akrat, "a pair of knives" (P-AdW, dl.) - Derived from the aforementioned Sindarin term and the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. As in Slovak or in English, the newly-introduced P-AdW term for scissors does not have a singular number, and "scissors" in P-AdW are perceived as a pair of knives, as a term, that is always in the plural number (specifically, the dual). At the same time, the relevant term differs from the term for a pair of identical knives (see above).  
• gâud, gâudi - pron. gaa-ud, gaa-u-di - "machine", "device", "mechanism", "contraption", "gear" (sg.), "machines", "devices", "mechanisms", "contraptions", "gears", "clockwork" (pl.) - gaud, "machine", "mechanism", "device", "contraption", "gear" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Sindarin term. Though Tolkien always warned, that humanity (and thinking beings in general) should avoid becoming too great a servant or outright slave of technologies, of machines, etc., in order to not lose sight of its humanity, Tolkien's Arda is full of multitudes of simpler, mostly mechanical machines, devices and gears. This is a newly-introduced term for P-AdW Adunaic and Westron, based on an almost identical term from Sindarin elvish (Sindarin), gaud, with the same meaning.  
  
• kirga, kirgî - pron. kirga, kirgee - "sickle", "sickles" - circa, "sickle" (Q.), cerch, "sickle" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya and Sindarin terms. Besides the term for tools, the constellation of the Great Dipper is known in Middle-earth as the "Sickle" (in elvish Circa, Cerch) or as the "Sickle of the Valar" (in elvish, Valacirca, Valakirka, Certh iMbelain), and thus it is known in (P-AdW) Adunaic and Westron as Kirga an-Avalôi ("Sickle of the Valar", derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW term and from the canon Adunaic term). 
• gwîril (Ad.), gvîril (W.) - pron. g-weer-il, g-veer-il - "spindle" - quiril, "spindle" (Q.), cwiril, "spindle" (G.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and Gnomish term.  
• lûmargâud, lûmargâudi - pron. loo-mar-gaa-ud, loo-mar-gaa-u-di - "clock" (sg.), "clocks" (pl.) - lúmar, "hour", unit of measurement (P-AdW), gâud, "machine", "mechanism", "device", "gear" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. A "portable clock" would be kúyanla lûmargâud and "carriage clock" would be abanakla lûmargâud.   
• pâtkirga, pâtkirgî - pron. paatkirga, paatkirgee - "scythe", "scythes" - kirga, "sickle", kirgî, "sickles" (P-AdW.), pât, "a pair of hands", "both hands" (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and from the canon Adunaic term. Literally "two-handed sickle", "double-handed sickle".
• pâkar, pâikîr - pron. paa-kar, pie-keer - "axe", "axes" - pâ, "hand" (Ad./P-AdW), kar, "blade" (P-AdW), karan, "rozseknúť", "rozčesnúť", "(pre)rezať" (W./P-AdW), karnin, "rozčesnutý (W./P-AdW) -  
• pâlang, pâlangî - pron. pálang, pálangí - "hammer", "hammers" - pâl, "to hit", "to smite" (P-AdW), ang, "iron" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms.    
• tamra, tamrî - pron. tam-ruh, tam-ree - "smithy", "(black)smith workshop", "forge" (sg.), "smithies", "(black)smith workshops", "forges" (pl.) - tamar, "smith" (Ad.) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term.
• tamrang, tamrangî - pron. tam-rung, tam-rung-ee - "anvil", "anvils" - tamar, "smith" (Ad.), ang, "iron" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and from a newly-introduced P-AdW term. Literally a "smith-iron", "smithing-iron".  
  
• nitênlaban an-tamar, tamar-nitênlaban - pron. niténlaban an-tamar, tamar-niténlaban - "blacksmith bellows" - laban, "bag", "sack" (Ad.), nitêna, "to kindle", "rozduchávať" (P-AdW), an-, "koho/čoho", tamar, "smith" (Ad.) -  Doslova "rozduchávacie-vrece/mech-kováča".
• karnang, karnangî - pron. karang, karangí - "chisel", "chisels" - karan, "rozseknúť", "rozčesnúť", "(pre)rezať" (W./P-AdW), ang, "iron" (P-AdW) -  
• ârangê nitîr, ârangê-nitîr (Ad.), ârange nitîr, ârange-nitîr (W.) - pron. aarangé/e nit-ear, aarangé/e-nit-ear - "firestriker", "firesteel" - ârangê, ârange, "steel" (P-AdW), nitîr, "kindler" (Ad.) - Doslova "oceľo-zažínač". 
• terik nitîr, terik-nitîr - pron. terik nitír, terik-nitír - "match" - terik, "little piece of wood", "splinter of wood" (P-AdW), nitîr, "kindler" (Ad.) - Doslova "vreckový zažínač".
  

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(C) Matěj Čadil - Bilbo's mantelpiece clock

Units of measurement

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• ranga, rangî - pron ranga, rangee - "full-pace", "man-high" (sg.), "full-paces", "man-highs" (pl.) - ranga, rangar "full-pace(s)", "foot"/"feet" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. It is important to mention that the Númenoreans also commonly referred to the measurement, an equivalent of a real world yard, directly with the Quenya term, ranga, plural rangar (the singular of the term is the same in Quenya and P-AdW Adunaic). A single ranga / rangar / rangî was equivalent to the real world's 96.5 centimetres or 38 inches.
• anû-orta, anû-ortî - pron. anoo-orta, anoo-ortee - "two rangar", "man-high" (sg.), "(several) two rangar", "man-highs" (pl.) - anû, "male person", "human man" (Ad.), ortal, "high" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and a newly-introduced term. This unit are simply two rangî (in Adunaic), two rangar (in Quenya), counted together as double that of a usual ranga. The term "man-high" for this double-ranga was used in later times, when the Númenorean people started to lose their often exceptional physical height and started growing to more average height, similar to other Mannish (human) peoples in Arda. 

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(C) Lída Holubová - Harvest time

(C) Matěj Čadil - Longbottom

(C) Kathleen (Kay) Woollard - Old Pump on Mushroom Lane

Agriculture, foraging, fishing, hunting, forestry and resource extraction

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES   
  
• galab, kharagalab (Ad.), galap, haragalap (W.) - pron. gull-ub, kha-ra-gull-ub, gull-up, ha-ra-gull-up - "wild game", "game", "(hunted) animals" - khara, hara, "wild" (P-AdW), galap, "game", "wild game" (W.) gala-, "of wild game" (W.), Galabas, "Gamwich" (W.), Galbasi, "Gammidge", "Gamgee", "of Gamwich" (W.) - A canon Westron term (galap) and the newly-introduced P-AdW terms that derive from it (galab, kharagalab and haragalap). Also note the related terms and names in canon Westron. 
• garaw, garîw (Ad.), garv, gîrv (W.) - pron. garav/gar-uv, ga-reev, garv, geerv - "garden" (sg.), "gardens" (pl.) - tarwa, "garden", "walled field" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. Colloquial and dialect versions include, e.g. garwa, garva. Sam's small wooden box, given to him as a gift by Galadriel, had a lid with the large initial "G", written in Westron. Thus the "g-" is the initial letter of this newly-introduced P-AdW term - such a newly-introduced term is also completely consistent with the linguistic details in The Lord of the Rings.
• garawêth, garvêth - pron. gar-a-wéth - "gardening", "garden work" - garaw, "garden" (P-AdW-Ad.), garv, "garden" (P-AdW-W.), garawar, "gardener" (P-AdW-Ad.), garavar, "gardener" (P-AdW-W.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "gardening". 
  
• karabêth - pron. karabéth - "horse husbandry", "raising of horses" - karab, "horse" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and a newly-introduced P-AdW suffix.
• kirim, kirîm - pron. kir-im, kir-eem - "harvest" (sg.), "harvests" (pl.) - cermië, "harvest" (Q. reconst., fan aad.) - Derived from the aforementioned (reconstructed) Quenya term. The definite article from is kirimet in the singular number and kirîmit in the plural number.  
• mavarêth - pron. mavaréth - "sheepherding", "raising of sheep" - mâva, "ovca" (P-AdW), mavar, "pastier" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Literally "shepherding". 
• phêrêth - pron. phér-éth - "hunting", "huntsmanship" - phêrar, "hunter", "huntsman" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW term.
• phurgêth - pron. phur-géth - "mining", "banská ťažba" - (W.), (P-AdW) - Literally "mining". 
• phûru (Ad.), phuru (W.) - pron. fooru, furu - "excavation", "mine" - Phurunargian, "Dwarven mine/excavation" (W., a more archaic toponym) - Derived from the word roots from a (more archaic) geographic name in canon Westron. See also the newly introduced P-AdW noun phurgân, "miner", and phurgêth, "mining". In the case of dwarven cities and underground settlements, this term could also denote the meaning of "underground hall", "underground settlement". 
• terkarêth - pron. terkaréth - "woodcutting", "lumberjacking" - ter, "wood" (P-AdW), karan, "rúbať", "rozčesnúť", "rozseknúť" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Literally "woodcutting", "lumberjacking".
  

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(C) Anke Eismann - Ancalimë in Emerië

(C) Lída Holubová - Mithril

 

Terms for labourers

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• fêrar, fêrir, fêrat - pron. fé-rar, fé-rir, fé-rut - "hunter", "huntsman" (sg.), "hunters", "huntsmen" (pl.), "a duo of hunters", "a duo of huntsmen" (dl.) -  (P-AdW) -     
• garawar, garawîr, garawat (Ad.), garvar, garvîr, garvat (W.) - pron. gar(a)var, gar(a)veer, gar(a)vat - "gardener", "gardeners", "a duo of gardeners" - garaw, garv, "garden" (P-AdW), mavar, "shepherd" (P-AdW) - Literally "gardener". Example: Banazîr garavaret - "Sam the gardener" (with a definite article). A "female gardener" would be garawrê (Ad.) or garvrê (W.), in plural, garawrî (Ad.) or garvrî (W.).    
• mavar, mavîr, mavrat - pron. mavar, maveer, mav-rut - "shepherd" (sg.), "shepherds" (pl.), "a duo of shepherds" (dl.) - mâva, "sheep" (P-AdW), -ar, prípona označujúca pracujucého - Literally "sheep-herd(er)", "sheep-herd(er)s", etc.. A "shepherd" would be mavrê, in plural, mavrî.
• karab-bên, karab-bîn, karab-bînat - pron. karab-bén, karab-been, karab-bee-nut - "koniar", "čeľadník (v konskej stajni)" (sg.), "koniari", "čeľadníci (v konskej stajni)" (pl.), "dvojica koniarov", "dvojica čeľadníkov (v konskej stajni)" (dl.) - Literally "horse-servant", "horse-servants", etc. A "stablewoman" would be karab-bênê, in the plural, karab-binî.   
  
• phurgân, phurgîn, phurgînat - pron. furgaan, furgeen, furgeenat - "miner" (sg.), "miners" (pl.), "a duo of miners" (dl.) - Doslova "miner", "miners", etc. A "female miner" would be phurganê, and in the plural, phurganî.
• terkarân, terkarîn, terkarnat - pron. terkaraan, terkareen, terkar-nut - "woodcutter", "lumberjack" (sg.), "woodcutters", "lumberjacks" (pl.), "a duo of woodcutters", "a duo of lumberjacks" (dl.) - ter, "wood" (P-AdW), karan, "rúbať", "rozčesnúť", "rozseknúť" (P-AdW), -ân, prípona pre osobu tvoriacu alebo konajúcu niečo (Ad./P-AdW) - A "female woodcutter" would be terkaranê, and in the plural, terkaranî.
• bôidêth, bôidîth - pron. booy-déth (-oo- as in "door"), booy-deeth - "payment", "pay", "pay-back" (sg.), "payments", "pays", "pay-backs" (pl.) - paityalë, "payment", "reward" (Q. reconst. neol.), paitya-, "payment", "reward" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and a canon Adunaic ending suffix.  
• gûrnêth, gûrnîth - pron. goor-néth, goor-neeth - "skill" (sg.), "skills" (pl.) - curu, curwë, "skill" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and a canon Adunaic ending suffix.  

 

 

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(C) Matěj Čadil - Thorin in the Blue Mountains

Terms for craftsmen

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• abankumagân, abankumagîn, abankumagnat - pron. abankumagán, abankumagín, abankumagnat - "wagon-builder" (sg.), "wagon-builders" (pl.), "a pair of wagon-builders" (dl.) - abanak, "voz" (Ad.), magân, "staviteľ", "stavbár", "výrobca", "remeselník" (Ad.) - Novotvar odvodený od kánonického adunajského výrazu. "Staviteľka vozov" by bola abankumaganê, množné číslo abankumaganî. 
• akrutamar, akrutamîr, akrutamrat - pron. akrutamar, akrutamír, akrutamrat - "knifesmith", "knifemaker" (sg.), "knifesmiths", "knifemakers" (pl.), "a pair of knifesmiths", "a pair of knifemakers" (dl.) - akar, "knife" (P-AdW), tamar, "smith" (Ad.) - Odvodené od novotvaru a kánonického adunajského výrazu. Obdoba v ženskom rode, "nožiarka", by znela akrutamrê, množné číslo akrutamrî.
• balkumagân, balkumagîn, balkumagnat - pron. balkumagán, balkumagín, balkumagnat - "ship-builder" (sg.), "ship-builders" (pl.), "dvojica staviteľov lodí" (dl.) - balak, "ship" (Ad.), magân, "builder", "constructor", "maker", "craftsman" (Ad.) - Kánonický adunajský výraz. Množné číslo a párové množné číslo sú novotvary. "Staviteľka lodí" by bola balkumaganê, množné číslo balkumaganî.
• bavkazgurar, bavkazgurîr, bavkazgurat - pron. bavkazgurar, bavkazgurír, bavkazgurat - "bowyer", "ranged weapon maker" (sg.), "bowyers", "ranged weapon makers" (pl.), "a pair of bowyers", "a pair of ranged weapon makers" (dl.) - bavkazgô, "ranged weapon", "archery weapon" (P-AdW), tamar, "smith" (Ad.) - Odvodené od novotvaru a kánonického adunajského výrazu. Majte prosím na pamäti, že všetky strelné zbrane v Arde sú výlučne mechanické. Zbrane na pušný prach sú v Arde neznáme.
  
• borar, borîr, bornat - pron. borar, borír, bornat - "kamenár" (sg.), "kamenári" (pl.), "dvojica kamenárov" (dl.) - bora, "stone", "rock" (P-AdW), -ar, -îr, koncovky pre remeselníkov opracuvajúcich materiál (Ad./P-AdW) - Doslova "kamenár", "kameňo-kováč", "kamenári", "kameňo-kováči", atď. Odvodené od novotvaru bora (z ešte staršieho edainského bor) a novotvarovej koncovky odvodenej od kánonického adunajského výrazu pre kováča (tamar). Pozor, tento kamenár opracúva kameň, ale nie je to kamenár v zmysle murár či stavbár. Obdoba v ženskom rode by znela bornê, množné číslo bornî.
• bormagân, bormagîn, bormagnat - pron. bor-mug-aan, bor-mug-een, bor-mug-nut - "stonemason" (sg.), "stonemasons" (pl.), "a pair of stonemasons" (dl.) - bora, "stone", "rock" (P-AdW), magân, "builder", "constructor", "maker", "craftsman" (Ad.) - Doslova "kameňo-staviteľ", "kameňo-stavitelia", atď. A mason, a stonelayer, a builder working with stone, building abodes, buildings, walls, fortified walls and various architecture made of stone. The equivalent in feminine grammatical gender would be bormaganê, in plural bormaganî.
• harvumagân, harvumagîn, harvumagnat - pron. harvu-mug-aan, harvu-mug-een, harvu-mug-nut - "chairmaker" (sg.), "chairmakers" (pl.), "a duo of chairmakers" (dl.) - harav, "chair", "seat" (P-AdW), magân, "maker", "craftsman", "wright", "builder", "manufacturer" (Ad.) - Literally "chairmaker", "chairmakers", etc. A "female chairmaker" would be harvumaganê, in plural harvumaganî.
  
• karvumagân, karvumagîn, karvumagnat - pron. karvu-mug-aan, karvu-mug-een, karvu-mug-nut - "saddlemaker", "saddle manufacturer" (sg.), "saddlemakers", "saddle manufacturers" (pl.), "a pair of saddlemakers", "a pair of saddle manufacturers" (dl.) - karav, "saddle" (P-AdW), magân, "maker", "craftsman", "wright", "builder", "manufacturer" (Ad.) - Literally "saddle-maker", "saddle-makers", etc. A "female saddle-maker" would be karvumaganê, in plural karvumaganî.
• magân, magîn, magnat - pron. mug-aan, mug-een, mug-nut - "builder", "craftsman", "wright", "manufacturer", "maker" (sg.), "builders", "craftsmen", "wrights", "manufacturers", "makers" (pl.), "a duo of builders", "a duo of craftsmen", "a duo of wrights", "a duo of manufacturers", "a duo of makers" (dl.) - magân, "manufacturer", "maker", "craftsman", "wright", "builder" (Ad.) - A canon Adunaic term. The plural and dual grammatical numbers are newly-introduced P-AdW terms. The equivalent in feminine grammatical gender would be maganê, plural maganî.
• nitmazân, nitmazîn, nitmaznat - pron. nitmazaan, nitmazeen, nitmaz-nut - "baker" (sg.), "bakers" (pl.), "a pair of bakers" (dl.) - nite, "fire" (P-AdW), maza, "bread" (P-AdW), -ân, prípona pre osobu tvoriacu alebo konajúcu niečo (Ad./P-AdW) - Literally "bake-bread-er", "bake-bread-ers", etc.
  
• pharzutamar, pharzutamîr, pharzutamrat - pron. farzutamar, farzutamír, farzutamrat - "goldsmith" (sg.), "goldsmiths" (pl.), "a duo of goldsmiths" (dl.) - pharaz, "gold" (Ad.), tamar, "smith" (Ad.) - Odvodené od kánonických adunajských výrazov. Literally "gold-smith", "gold-smiths", etc.
• sulangamar, sulangamîr, sulangamrat - pron. sulangamar, sulangameer, sulangamrat - "spearmaker" (sg.), "spearmakers" (pl.), "a duo of spearmakers" (dl.) - sulangar, "spear" (P-AdW), tamar, "smith" (Ad.) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW term and a canon Adunaic term. Also denotes a manufacturer of polearms in general, any kind of polearms. 
  
• tamar, tamîr, tamrat - pron. tamar, tameer, tam-rut - "smith" (sg.), "smiths" (pl.), "a duo of smiths" (dl.) - tamar, "smith" (Ad.) - A canon Adunaic term. The subjective case of the noun in singular is tamrun and in plural tamrim. The objective case is tamru- and tamur-. The equivalent in the feminine grammatical gender, i.e. "female smith" or "smithwoman", would be tamrê or tamranê, in plural tamrî or tamranî.
  
• terunar, terunîr, terunrat - pron. terumar, terumeer, terum-rut - "woodworker", "carpenter" (sg.), "woodworkers", "carpenters" (pl.), "a duo of woodworkers", "a duo of carpenters" (dl.) - ter, "wood" (P-AdW), -ar, -îr, ending suffixes for craftsmen and wrights processing various materials (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW term for wood and newly-introduced ending suffix derived from the canon Adunaic term for a smith (tamar). A "female carpenter" would be terunri or terunanê, in plural terunrî or terunanî.
  
• tharanzân, tharanzîn, tharanaznat - pron. tharan-zaan, tharan-zeen, tharanaz-nut -"cabinetmaker", "joiner", "tablemaker" (sg.), "cabinetmakers", "joiners", "tablemakers" (pl.), "a duo of cabinetmakers", "a duo of joiners", "a duo of tablemakers" (dl.) - tharanaz, tharanz, "table" (P-AdW), magân, "manufacturer", "maker", "craftsman", "wright", "builder" (Ad.) - Literally "stolár", "tablemaker". A "female cabinetmaker", "female tablemaker" would be tharanzanê, in plural tharanzanî.
  
• zagrutamar, zagrutamîr, zagrutamrat - pron. zagrutamar, zagrutameer, zagrutam-rut - "swordsmith", "swordmaker" (sg.), "swordsmiths", "swordmakers" (pl.), "a duo of swordsmiths", "a duo of swordmakers" (dl.) - zagar, "sword" (Ad.), tamar, "smith" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms.
  
• zilbimagân, zilbimagîn, zilbimagnat - pron. zilbi-mug-aan, zilbi-mag-een, zilbi-mug-nut - "buttermaker" (sg.), "buttermakers" (pl.), "a duo of buttermakers" (dl.) - zilib, "butter" (W.), magân, "manufacturer", "maker", "builder", "craftsman", "wright" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Westron term and the aforementioned canon Adunaic term. A "female buttermaker" would be zilbimaganê, in plural zilbimaganî.
  
• zimrukarân, zimrukarîn, zimrukarnat - pron. zim-ru-ka-raan, zim-ru-ka-reen, zim-ru-kar-nut - "jeweller", "gemcutter" (sg.), "jewellers", "gemcutters" (pl.), "a duo of jewellers", "a duo of gemcutters" (dl.) - zimra, "jewel" (Ad.), karan, "rozseknúť", "rozčesnúť", "(pre)rezať" (P-AdW), -ân, prípona pre osobu tvoriacu alebo konajúcu niečo (Ad./P-AdW) - A "female jeweller", a "female gemcutter" would be zimrukaranê, in plural, zimrukaranî.
  

Hlavné pravidlo, ktoré pri väčšine týchto pomenovaní potrebujete mať na pamäti, že končia spravidla na koncovky -ân (všeobecne pri remeselných, staviteľských, výrobných povolaniach) a -ar (v prípade remesiel opracúvajúcich kovy alebo aj rôzne iné materiály, vrátane kameňa a dreva).

 

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Crafts

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• abankumagêth - pron. a-bun-ku-mug-éth - "staviteľstvo vozov", "stavanie vozov" - abanak, "voz" (P-AdW), magân, "staviteľ", "stavbár", "výrobca", "remeselník" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Odvodené od novotvaru a kánonického adunajského výrazu.
  
• akrutamêth - pron. akru-tamréth - "knife-making", "manufactuing of knives" - akar, "knife" (P-AdW), tamar, "smith" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Odvodené od novotvaru a kánonického adunajského výrazu. 
• balkumagêth - pron. balku-mug-éth - "shipbuidling", "ship construction" - balak, "ship" (Ad.), magân, "builder", "constructor", "maker", "manufacturer", "wright" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Odvodené od kánonického adunajského výrazu. 
• bavkazgurêth - pron. bavk-azgu-réth - "bowyery", "bowmaking", "manufacturing of shooting weapons" - bavkazgo, "shooting weapon", "archery weapon" (P-AdW), tamar, "smith" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Please bear in mind that all ranged shooting weapons in Arda are purely mechanical devices. Gunpowder weapons are unknown in Arda.
  
• borêth - pron. boréth - "stonecutting", "stonecarving" - bora, "rock", "stone" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Literally "stonecutting", "stonecarving", "stone-smithing". Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW term bora (derived from the even older Edain term bor) and a newly-introduced P-AdW suffix derived from the canon Adunaic term for a smith (tamar). Note that this form of stone processing consists of stonecutting and stonecarving, it is not a stone processing in the sense of stonemasonry or stonelaying during masonry work. 
  
• bormagêth - pron. bormagéth - "(stone)masonry", "stonelaying" - bora, "rock", "stone" (P-AdW), magân, "builder", "constructor", "maker", "manufacturer", "wright", "craftsman" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Literally "stone-building", "stone-constructing", "stone-laying". Murárstvo, stavbárstvo, staviteľstvo zamerané na prácu s kameňom, stavanie obydlí, budov, múrov, hradieb a rôznu architektúru z kameňa. 
• harvumagêth - pron. harvumagéth - "chair-making" - harav, "chair", "seat" (P-AdW), magân, "maker", "manufacturer", "wright", "craftsman", "builder" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Literally "chair-making".
• karvumagêth - pron. karvumagéth - "saddle-making", "manufacturing of saddles" - karav, "saddle" (P-AdW), magân, "maker", "manufacturer", "wright", "craftsman", "builder" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Literally "saddle-making".
• maganêth - pron. maganéth - "building", "constructing", "craft", "manufacturing" - magân, "maker", "manufacturer", "wright", "craftsman", "builder" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms.
• nitmazêth - pron. nitmazéf - "baking" - nite, "nite" (P-AdW), maza, "bread" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Literally "bake-bread-ing".
  
• pharzutamêth - pron. pharzutaméth - "goldsmithing" - pharaz, "gold" (Ad.), tamar, "smith" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "goldsmithing".
• sulangamêth - pron. sulangaméth - "spear-making" - sulangar, "spear" (P-AdW), tamar, "smith" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW term and a canon Adunaic term. It also describes the manufacturing of polearms in general, any kind of polearms. 
  
• tamêth - pron. taméth - "smithing", "blacksmithing" - tamar, "smith" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Smithing as a type of craft, trade.  
  
• tamranêth - pron. tamranéth - "smithing" (process), "forging" - tamar, "kováč" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Smithing activity, forging.
• terunarêth - pron. terunaréth - "woodworking", "carpentry" - ter, "wood" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Odvodené od novotvaru pre drevo a novotvarovej koncovky odvodenej od kánonického adunajského výrazu pre kováča (tamar).
• tharanzêth - pron. tharanzéth -"cabinetmaking", "joinery", "tablemaking" - tharanaz, tharanz, "table" (P-AdW), magân, "maker", "craftsman", "builder" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Literally "stolárstvo", "výroba stolov".
  
• zagrutamêth - pron. zagrutaméth - "swordsmithing", "swordmaking" - zagar, "sword" (Ad.), tamar, "smith" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms.
  
• zilbimagêth - pron. zilbimagéth - "buttermaking" - zilib, "butter" (W.), magân, "manufacturer", "maker", "builder", "craftsman" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Westron term and the aforementioned canon Adunaic term.
• zimrukarêth - pron. zimrukaréth - "jewellery-making", "gemcutting" - zimra, "klenot" (Ad.), karan, "rozseknúť", "rozčesnúť", "(pre)rezať" (P-AdW),  -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced P-AdW terms.
  
  

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"There was the city of Dale. Its markets known far and wide. Full of the bounties of vine and vale. Peaceful and prosperous."

Trade and commerce

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• kastarnakhat, kastarnakhti (Ad.), kastarnahat, kastarnahti (W.) - pron. kastarnakhat, kastarnahat - "market", "marketplace" (sg.), "markets", "marketplaces" (pl.) - kastar, "treasure" (W./P-AdW), nakhat, "meeting", literally "two-comings" (Ad.) - Derived from a canon Westron term and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms (derived from canon Adunaic terms). More literally "treasure-meeting" and even more literally "treasure-two-comings". The terms denote places where trade is conducted, where markets take place, where marketplaces stand and trade and commerce takes place.
• kastarnakhêth (Ad.), kastarnahêth (W.) - pron. kastarnakhéth, kastarnahéth - "trade", "trading",  "commerce" - kastar, "treasure" (W./P-AdW), nakhat, "meeting", literally "two-comings" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts - Derived from a canon Westron term and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms (derived from canon Adunaic terms). More literally "treasure-meeting" and even more literally "treasure-two-comings", plus the -êth ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW). The terms denote trade as an activity and human industry, denote trading and commerce.
• kastarnakhur, kastarnakhi (Ad.), kastarnahur, kastarnahí (W.) - pron. kastar-na-(k)hur, kastar-na-(k)hee - "merchant", "trader" (sg.), "merchants", "traders" (pl.) - kastar, "treasure" (W./P-AdW), nakhat, "meeting", literally "two-comings" (Ad.), -ur, masculine suffix (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Westron term and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms (derived from canon Adunaic terms). More literally "treasure-meeting" and even more literally "treasure-two-comings". The female equivalent is kastarnakhê (Ad.) and kastarnahê (W.). The terms denote a person, a merchant, a trader.
• kastarhôl - pron. kastar-hool (-oo- as in "door") - "treasury" - pron. kastar, "treasure" (W./P-AdW), hôl, "room", "hall", "chamber" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Westron term and from a newly-introduced P-AdW term. The more literal meaning is "treasure-room", "treasure-chamber".
• kastarnaru, kastarnarî, kastarar, kastarîr - pron. kastar-na-ru, kastar-na-ree, kasta-rar, kasta-reer - "treasurer" (sg.), "treasurers" (pl.) - kastar, "treasure" (W./P-AdW), naru, narî, "man", "men" (Ad.), -ar, -îr, ending suffixes for craftsmen and wrights processing various materials (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Westron term, canon Adunaic terms, and a canon Adunaic ending suffix. 
• âur-gôrasar - aaur goo-ras-ar (-oo- as in "door") - "solicitor", "notary" - âurêth, "possession", "property" (P-AdW), gôras, "advice" (P-AdW), gôrasar, "advisor" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "property-advisor", "possession-advisor". The masculine grammatical gender form would be âur-gôrasur, "male notary", "male solicitor", and the feminine grammatical gender form would be âur-gôrasê, "female notary", "female solicitor". An example would be the Shire's apparent private notary firm "Messrs Grubb, Grubb and Burrowes" that appears in the epilogue of The Hobbit. Given that hobbits owned and sold their properties, like houses and gardens, to other hobbits. Given the fact that the Shire hobbits were once the subjects of the Kingdom of Arnor, it's not out of the question that notaries of some type would exist in Middle-earth, including in an advanced kingdom like Arnor, or its counterpart in the south, Gondor. 

I hope you've found these overview of economic terms and terminology useful. Please don't forget to take a look at the other related articles which I linked to from here. They'll fill in the broader picture about the vocabulary.

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Related articles

Slovak language version of this article





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