New additions - Nouns - Warfare and military terminology

New vocabulary of P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron nouns related to the topic of warfare.

 

 

This article is largelly complete in terms of its contents and current state.

Abstract terms, terms for military units

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES    
• azga - pron. azga - "war", "fighting", "armed conflict" - azgarâ-, "to fight", "to (wage) war" (Ad.), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms.
  
• azgu-abâr, abâr an-azga - pron. azgu-abaar, abaar an-azga - "military power", "military might" - azgarâ-, "to fight", "to (wage) war" (Ad.), azga, "war" (P-AdW), azgu-, "war", obj. c. (P-AdW), an-, "of" (Ad.), abâr, "might", "power" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and a newly-introduced terms.
  
• tudnas, tunas - pron. tudnas, tunnas - "watch", "patrol", "sentry" (military unit) - tudnas, tunas, "watch", "patrol", "sentry" (W.) - Canon Westron terms. Not invented, these are the canon terms for a "watch" or "guard unit" in Westron and presumably also Adunaic. Tolkien noted that despite tunnas being written with two "n" letters, it was pronounced only as if it had a single "n" letter.
  
• nardû, nardî - pron. nardoo, nardee - "soldier", "soldiers" - nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), nardî, "soldiers" (P-AdW) - Canon Adunaic term, I invented the plural only. Equivalent to the elvish term ohtar ("warrior", "soldier", but also "squire"), used as a rank in Gondor and Arnor. In the canon notes, the singular seems to be derived from the equally canon term naru, "man". Tolkien seems to be making certain parallels between English terms for types of soldiers, based on the template "name of weapon + man" and is also hin ting at the fact, that a great many languages speak of soldiers generally as this or that many "men" in a particular unit, a particular army, etc.
• azgar, azgarî - pron. azgar, azgaree - "warrior", "warriors" - azga, "war" (P-AdW), azgarâ-, "to fight", "to (wage) war" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Canon Adunaic term, apparently derived from other related canon Adunaic terms. I invented the plural only. Seems to mean "warrior", "professional warrior" in Adunaic. Equivalent to the elvish term ohtar ("warrior", "soldier", but also "squire"), used as a rank in Gondor and Arnor. 
• halad - pron. hull-ud - "guard", "warden" - halad, "guard", "warden" (EdL / Taliska) - Canon Edain languages term. 
  
• hald - pron. hulled - "guard" (abstract sense, part of a weapon, etc.), "deterrent", "shielding", "protection" - halad, "guard", "warden" (EdL / Taliska) - Derived from canon Edain languages term. Hald (meaning "thing acting as a guard", "protection", "shielding") is derived from the original Taliskan halad, "guard", "warden" (person).
• nardêth (Ad.), nardeth (W.), nardîth - pron. nardéth, nardeth (sg.), nardeeth (pl.) - "host", "army" (sg.), "hosts", "armies" (pl.) - nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), nardî, "soldiers" (P-AdW), -êth, suffix ending for nouns of abstract concepts, e.g bêth (Ad.)/(P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Fairly straightforward derivation.
• tâlnardêth (Ad.), tâlnardeth (W.), tâlnardîth - pron. taalnardéth,  taalnardeth (sg.), taalnardeeth (pl.) - "infantry" - tâl, "leg" (P-AdW), tâlnardû, "infantryman", "footman", "footsoldier" (P-AdW), nardêth, "army", "host" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "infantryman army", "infantryman host".
• karabnardêth (Ad.), karabnardeth (W.), karabnardîth - pron. karubnardéth,  karubnardeth (sg.), karubnardeeth (pl.) - "cavalry" - karab, "horse" (Ad.), karabnardû, "cavalryman" (P-AdW), nardêth, "army", "host" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and from newly-introduced terms. Literally "cavalryman army", "cavalryman host".
  

 

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Personal armaments

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• haldham, haldvag, haldpaham - pron. hulledhum (-hum rh. w. "hum"), hulledvug (-vug rh. w. "mug"), hulledpahum - "armour", "torso armour", "gauntlet" (armoured glove) - hald, "guard", "shielding", "protection" (P-AdW), ham, "clothing", "clothes" (P-AdW), vag, "coat", "cloak" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. General term for body armour. Literally "shielding-clothing", "shielding-clothes" (haldham), "shielding-coat" (haldvag) and "shielding-glove" (haldpaham).
• mûs(la) haldvag - pron. moos(la) hulledvug (-vug rh. w. "mug") - "padded armour" - mûs, "soft" (P-AdW), -la, adjetical ending, neuter gender (P-AdW), haldvag, "torso armour" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "soft (torso) armour". Thick, padded cloth armour usable on its own or as undergarments necessary for wearing mail and scale armour and/or corslets.
• kôrham, kôrlab, kôrpaham - pron. koorhum (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall", -ham rh. w. "hum"), koorlab (same -oo- pronunciation), koorpahum (same -oo- pronunciation, -hum rh. w. "hum") - "mail armour", "mail shirt", "mail mitten" - kôr, "ring", "mail link" (P-AdW), ham, "clothing", "clothes" (P-AdW), lab, "shirt", "tunic" (P-AdW), paham, "glove", "mitten" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "ring clothing", "ring clothes", "link clothing", "link clothes" (kôrham), "ring shirt", "link shirt" (kôrlab) and "ring glove", "ring mitten", "link glove", "link mitten" (kôrpaham).
• nargukôrham, narag-kôrham - pron. nargukoorhum (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall"), narug-koorhum (-rag- rh. w., "rug", same -oo- pronunciation) - "dwarf-mail" - narag, "dwarf" (W./P-AdW), nargu-, "dwarf", obj. c. (P-AdW), kôr, "ring", "mail link" (P-AdW), ham, "clothing", "clothes" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms and a canon Westron term. Literally "dwarf-ring-clothing", "dwarf-ring-clothes", "dwarf-link-clothing", "dwarf-link-clothes".
• khabaham, khabalab, khabapaham (Ad.), habaham, habalab, habapaham (W.) - pron. (k)habahum (-ham rh. w. "hum"), (k)habalab, (k)habapahum (-hum rh. w. "hum") - "scale armour", "scale shirt", "scale mitten" - khaba, "scale" (P-AdW), ham, "clothing" (P-AdW), lab, "shirt", "tunic" (P-AdW), paham, "glove", "mitten" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "scale-clothing", "scale-clothes" (khabaham / habaham), "scale-shirt" (khabalab / habalab) and "scale-glove", "scale-mitten" (khabapaham / habapaham). The famous "armour wrought like fishes mail".
• nôrpinik(la) haldvag, âva(la) haldvag - pron. noor- (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") pinik(la) hulledvug (-vug rh. w. "mug"), aava(la) hulledvug (-vug rh. w. "mug") - "corslet" - nôr, "hard", "stiff" (P-AdW), pinik, "platelet", "small plate", "tiny board" (P-AdW), âva, "outer" (P-AdW), haldvag, "torso armour" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. As the dwarves sang, "buckler and corslet, axe and sword", and the Haradrim also get a mention of corslets. A jack of plates outer armour with overlapping steel plates, or even a lamellar type of torso armour with small steel plates. The literal translation is "stiff-platelet (body) armour" and "outer (body) armour". No use of haldham, because this armour type is generally torso-only.
• obrênhald, pâmalhald - pron. obrénhulled, paamalhulled - "vambrace" - obrên, "forearm" (P-AdW), pâmal, "wrist" (P-AdW), hald, "shielding", "protection" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. Literally "forearm guard" or "wristguard".
• kharma, kharm (Ad.), harma, harm (W.) - pron. kharma, kharm, harma, harm (-arm- like in Latin "arma") - "helmet", "helm" - carma, "helmet", "helm" (Q.), karma, "helmet", "helm" (early Adunaic) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and a hypothetical early Adunaic term. In early/archaic Adunaic, the term was only karma, directly loaned from Quenya carma, "helm", "helmet". The Westron spelling is not read as English "harm", but more like Hungarian "harmad" or like in Latin "arma".
• pêkhtal kharma (Ad.), pêhtal harma (W.) - pron. pékhtull kharma, péhtull harma - "closed helmet", "enclosed helm" - pahta, "shut", "closed" (Q.), kharma/harma, "helmet", "helm" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term for "closed", "shut", "enclosed". 
• kmâpahald (originally kanmâpahald) - pron. kmaapahulled (kanmaapahulled) - "(handheld) shield" - kanmâpa, "handle" (P-AdW), hald, "shielding", "protection", "guard" (thing) (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. A handheld shield used in combat as a defensive weapon. The first syllable became abbreviated in the course of the term's historical evolution.
• azgô - pron. azgoo (-oo as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "weapon" - azgarâ-, "to fight", "to (wage) war" (Ad.), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.), azga, "war" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and a newly introduced term. General term for "weapon" in both languages, in P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron.
• pâlazgô - pron. paalazgoo (-oo as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "melee weapon" - pâl, "to strike" (P-AdW), azgô, "weapon" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "striking weapon", implying melee fighting, close combat, non-ranged combat.
• akar - pron. akar - "knife" - a-, denotes neuter gender (Ad./P-AdW), zagar, "sword" (Ad.), karnin, "cloven", "rended apart" (W.), karan-, "cleaving", "cutting", "rending-apart" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term, canon Westron term and newly-introduced term. Newly invented term, unique to P-AdW.
• izindakar - pron. izindakar - "dagger" - izindi, izindu-, "straight", "straightforward" (Ad.), akar, "knife" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and a newly-introduced term. Literally "long-knife". Literally "straight-knife". Most daggers in Arda are straight-bladed and double-edged.
• lôkhunakar - pron. loochunakar (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "curved knife", "curved dagger" - lôkhî, "crooked" (Ad.), akar, "knife" (P-AdW) - Literally "crooked-knife". Some daggers in Arda can be single-edged and curved.
• aphakar - pron. aphakar - "long knife" - aph, "long" (P-AdW), akar, "knife" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. Literally "long-knife". Either a longer-bladed knife, like a seax or scramasax, or maybe even a long messer.
• zagar - pron. zagar - "sword" - zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Canon Adunaic term for "sword".
• aphzagar, ephzagar - pron. aphzagar, ephzagar - "longsword" - aph, eph, "long" (P-AdW), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms and a canon Adunaic term. Literally "long-sword". (We don't know if Númenoreans, Arnorians and Gondorians had them, that's up for speculation along with two-handed swords and single-edged falchions, but if they did or if you want a word for some fanon project, now you have one possible option.)
• banaphzagar, aphikzagar - pron. bunaphzagar, aphikzagar - "shortsword" - abanaph, "short" (P-AdW), aphik, "short" (diminutive, P-AdW), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms and a canon Adunaic term. Literally "short-sword". Self-explanatory.
• izinduzagar - pron. izinduzagar - "straight-bladed sword" - izindi, izindu-, "straight", "straightforward" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms. Literally "straight-sword". General term for straight-bladed swords, particularly the typical double-edged, regularly shaped blade.
• lôkhizagar - pron. loochizagar (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "curved sword", "sabre", "scimitar" - lôkhî, "crooked" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms. Literally "crooked-sword". General term for curving single-edged swords, including sabres and scimitars (especially those of Easterlings, Haradrim, etc.).
• îrpâzagar - pron. earpaahzagar - "one-handed sword" - îr, "one" (P-AdW), pâ, "hand" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced term and canon Adunaic terms. Literally "one-hand-sword". In terms of handling, the only fully canonical types of swords in the Legendarium are one-handed swords.
• karanzagar - pron. karanzagar - "falchion" - karan-, "cleaving", "cutting", "rending-apart" (P-AdW), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced term and a canon Adunaic term. Literally "cleaving-sword". Hypothetical Ardan equivalent of our falchion swords.
• akarzagar - pron. akarzagar - "knife-sword" - akar, "knife" (P-AdW), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Literally "knife-sword". Hypothetical Ardan equivalent of our messer swords.
• îrkabanpâzagar - pron. earkabunpaazagar - "hand-and-a-half sword" - îr, "one" (P-AdW), ka, "and" (Ad.), ban-, "half-" (W.), pâ, "hand" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Literally "one-and-half-hand-sword". Hypothetical Ardan equivalent of our hand-and-a-half swords. (We don't know if Númenoreans, Arnorians and Gondorians had them, that's up for speculation along with two-handed swords and single-edged falchions, but if they did or if you want a word for some fanon project, now you have one possible option.)
• sattapâizagar, pâiyatzagar - pron. sattapaaizagar, paaiyatzagar - "two-handed sword", "both-handed sword" - satta, "two" (Ad.), -at, suffix for "two", "twin", "both" (Ad.), pâi, "hands" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "one-and-half-hand-sword". Hypothetical Ardan equivalent of our hand-and-a-half swords. (We don't know if Númenoreans, Arnorians and Gondorians had them, that's up for speculation along with two-handed swords and single-edged falchions, but if they did or if you want a word for some fanon project, now you have one possible option.)
• pâhald, pâimhald, igmilhald - pron. paahulled, pie-m-hulled, igmilhulled - "handguard", "crossguard (of a weapon)" - pâ, "hand" (Ad.), pâim, "fingers" (P-AdW), hald, "shielding", "protection", "shield" (abstract thing, P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms. Hald (meaning "thing acting as a guard, warden", "thing providing shielding, protection") is derived from the original Taliskan term halad, "guard", "warden" (person, a literal guard, warden, or guardian). "Star-shaped" evokes a cross shape, so the P-AdW term for crossguard literally means "star-shaped guard".
• kanmâpa - pron. kanmaapa - "grip", "handle" - kan-, "hold", kanâ, "to hold" (Ad.), mâ, "with" (Ad.), pâ, "hand" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "hold-with-hand". The handle of a tool, weapon, piece of pottery, chest, door, etc. Zagarla kanmâpa means "sword grip", "sword handle". 
• angrazar - pron. ungrazar - "pommel" - angê, "iron" (P-AdW), razar, "small apple" (W.) - Derived from a newly-introduced term and a canon Westron term. Literally "iron-apple". The pommel of a sword, the real world term also deriving from apples or from pears, depending on the language.
• razar-neg - pron. razar-neg - "peen block" - razar, "small apple" (W.), neg, "end" (W.) - Derived from canon Westron terms. The peen block hammered into the pommel at the end of the sword hilt, to enclose the crossguard, handle and pommel into a usable grip.
  
• rêk an-zagar (Ad.), rek an-zagar (W.) - rék an-zagar, rek an-zagar - "tang of the sword" - rêk, rek, "thorn" (P-AdW), an-, "of" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from a newly-introduced term and canon Adunaic terms. Literally "thorn-of-the-sword". The tang is referred to as a "thorn" in several real world languages.
• kul an-zagar, kul an-kar - pron. kul an-zagar, kul an-car - "shoulder of the sword", "shoulder of the blade" - kul-, "root" (Ad.), an-, "of" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.), gar or kar root, derived from akar, "knife", itself derived from zagar, "sword" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and a newly-introduced term. Literally "root-of-the-sword" and "root-of-the-blade". The shoulder of the sword blade is the part where the bottom of the blade, its tang and crossguard meet.
• târik an-zagar - pron. taarik an-zagar - "(sword) hilt" - târik, "pillar" (Ad.), an-, "of" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. The complete hilt of a sword or similar weapon, consisting of (cross)guard, handle and pommel. Literally translates to "sword-pillar", "pillar of the sword".
• kar / gar (an-zagar) - pron. car / gar (an-zagar) - "blade (of a sword)" - zagar, "sword" (Ad.), akar, "knife" (P-AdW), gar or kar root, derived from akar, "knife", itself derived from zagar, "sword" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms.
  
• ruth an-zagar, ruth an-kar/gar - pron. ruth an-zagar, ruth an-car/gar - "fuller" - ruth, "furrow", "scar" (Ad.), an-, "of" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.), gar or kar root, derived from akar, "knife", itself derived from zagar, "sword" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "furrow-of-the-sword". The groove of a sword blade, the fuller. And yes, it's a fuller, not a blood groove. Fullers lighten the blade.
• kar-neg - pron. car-neg - "point (of the blade)" - gar or kar root, derived from akar, "knife", itself derived from zagar, "sword" (P-AdW), neg, "end" (W.) - Derived from a newly-introduced term and a canon Westron term. The point at the end of a sword blade or the blade of any other bladed weapon (including polearms). 
• sulankar, sulangar (sg.), sulankîr, sulangîr (pl.) - pron. sulankar, sulangar, sulankeer, sulangeer - "spear", "lance" (sg.), "spears", "lances" (pl.) - sulan, "shaft", "pole", lit. "little-mast", derived from sulum, "shaft" (P-AdW), gar or kar root, derived from akar, "knife", itself derived from zagar, "sword" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "shaft-blade-point". Colloquial abbreviations, especially in Westron, are sulkar and sulgar.
• sulanhald - pron. sulanhulled - "spear crossbar" - sulan, "shaft" (P-AdW), hald, "guard", "protection", "shielding" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "shaft-guard". The crossbar seen in winged spears and many similar types. Protecting the shaft area of the spear, preventing the blade from getting stuck.
• aphsulankar, aphsulangar - pron. aphsulankar, aphsulangar - "long spear", "pike" - aph, "long" (P-AdW), sulankar, sulangar, "spear", "lance" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Long, infantry-only spears or pikes.
• karbusulankar, karbusulangar, karab-sulankar, karab-sulangar - pron. karbusulancar, karbusulangar, karub-sulancar, karub-sulangar - "lance", "cavalry lance" - karab, "horse" (Ad.), karbu-, "horse", obj. c. (Ad.), sulankar, sulangar, "spear", "lance" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms. Literally "horse spear", "horse-lance" (for use on horses, for mounted use).
• pâkar, pakîr - pron. paacar, pakeer - "axe", "one-handed axe" (sg.), "axes", "one-handed axes" (pl.) -  pâ, "hand" (Ad.), karan-, "cleaving", "rending apart" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and a newly-introduced term. Please note that when used in compound nouns, the first "a" changes from a long to a short vowel.
• pâiyâtkar - pron. pieyaatcar - "two-handed axe" - pâiyât, "hands-twins", i.e. "both hands" (P-AdW), karan-, "cleaving", "rending apart" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Meaning "an axe using both hands", "an axe requiring both hands". Think a real world Dane axe, or Dramborleg.
• azgupâkar, azgal pâkar - pron. azgupaacar, azgull paacar - "war axe", "battle-axe" - azgarâ-, "to fight", "to (wage) war" (Ad.), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.), azga, "war" (P-AdW), azgal, "war-related", "battle-related" (P-AdW), pâkar, "axe" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and from newly-introduced terms. General terms for a battle-axe, war axe, an axe used primarily for fighting and warfare.
• pâkar an-narag, nargupâkar - pron. paacar an-narug (-rag- rh. w., "rug"), nargupaacar - "dwarven axe" - pâkar, "axe" (P-AdW), an-, "of" (Ad.), narag, "dwarf" (W./P-AdW), nargu-, "dwarf-", "dwarven-" (W./P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term, canon Westron term and newly-introduced terms. Literally "axe of a dwarf". An axe used by a dwarf, usually for fighting.
• azgupâkar an-narag, azgal pâkar an-narag, azgal nargupâkar - pron. azgupaacar an-narug (-rag- rh. w., "rug"), azgull paacar an-narug, azgull nargupaacar (same as previous) - "dwarven war axe/battle-axe" - azgarâ-, "to fight", "to (wage) war" (Ad.), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.), azga, "war" (P-AdW), azgal, "war-related", "battle-related" (P-AdW), pâkar, "axe" (P-AdW), narag, "dwarf" (W./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and from newly-introduced terms. Literally "war axe of a dwarf".
• bawkazgô, bavkazgô - pron. bavkarazgoo (-oo as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "missile weapon", "archery weapon" - bawkar, bavkar, "arrow" (P-AdW, see below), azgô, "weapon" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Any ranged weapon that is not thrown, but used for shooting. Adunaic is the "w" form, Westron the "v" one.
• kanhuzunad, kanhuznatad - pron. kanhuzunad, kanhuznatad - "bow" - kan-, "hold" (Ad.), huzun, "ear" (Ad.), -ad, "towards" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. The versatile archery weapon of all Arda. The literal meaning is "hold-towards-ear", as there doesn't seem to be an Adunaic word for bow. Tolkien's canon notes for Adunaic and Westron do not feature a term for a bow. (Let's not be too strict on these languages, even canon Sindarin does not have a known term for an arrow, even though Quenya does have such a term.)  
• ter an-kanhuzunad - pron. ter an-kanhuzunad - "bow woods" - ter, "wood" (P-AdW), an-, "of" (Ad.), kanhuzunad, "bow" (P-AdW) - Literally "wood-of-the-bow". Any type of wood suitable for making bows.
• sarm an-kanhuzunad, sarmî an-kanhuzunad - pron. sarm(ee) an-kanhuzunad - "bowstring", "bowstrings" - sarm, "string", "cord" (P-AdW), an-, "of" (Ad.), kanhuzunad, "bow" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms and a canon Adunaic term. Literally "string-of-the-bow", "cord-of-the-bow". The part of the bow other than the bowstave.
• damrîl-kanhuzunad, kanhuzunad an-damrîl - pron. damreel-kanhuzunad, kanhuzunad an-damreel - "yew-bow" - damrîl, "yew-tree" (P-AdW), kanhuzunad, "bow" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. 
• raskanhuzunad, kanhuzunad an-ras - pron. ruskanhuzunad, kanhuzunad an-rus (rus as in "rust") - "horn-bow" - ras, "horn" (W.), kanhuzunad, "bow" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Westron term and a newly-introduced term. "Hornbow" or "bow-of-the-horn". Hornbows or composite wood-and-horn bows used by dwarves, various Mannish cultures, orcs...
• kanhuzunad an-tamar, kanhuzunad an-ârangê - pron. kanhuzunad an-tamar, kanhuzunad an-aarangé - "steel bow" - kanhuzunad, "bow" (P-AdW), an-, "of" (Ad.), tamar, "smith" (Ad.), ârangê, "steel" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced terms. Literally "bow of-the-smith" or "bow of-steel", and even more literally "hold-towards-ear-of-the-smith" or "hold-towards-ear-of-steel". I couldn't leave these famous canonical pieces of Númenorean technology out, now could I ?
• izindukhêta, izindukhêti, sulankhêta, sulankhêti, rêmakhêta, rêmakhêti- - pron. izindukhéta, izindukhéti, sulankhéta, sulankhéti, rémakhéta, rémakhéti - "crossbow", "crossbows" - izindi, izindu-, "straight", "in a straight line" (Ad.), sulan, "shaft", "haft" (P-AdW), rêma, shoulder (P-AdW), khêt, hêt, "to throw", "throw", "to hurl" (P-AdW), khêta, hêta, "thrower", "launcher" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms. Literally "straight-thrower", "hafted-thrower" or !shoulder-thrower" (the latter due to a crossbow butt being shouldered whle shooting). You don't pull a crossbow bowstring to your ear, hence the more catapult-like name, but distinct from terms for torsion catapults. The Westron version of the term is always written and pronounced with a "h" instead of a "kh". As of September 2021, with the publishing of The Nature of Middle-earth, crossbows have been confirmed to be a part of the Legendarium for the first time. Canonically only mentioned among the Númenoreans, primarily for hunting uses. Tolkien's exact spelling was "cross-bow".
• bawkar, bawgar (Ad.), bavkar, bavgar (W.) - pron. bavkar, bavgar (bav- roughly like -bov- in "above") - "arrow", "bolt", "dart" - bawâb, "wind" (Ad.), bavâb, "wind" (P-AdW-W.), akar, "knife" (P-AdW), the presumed kar and gar word roots for a blade or pointy metal object (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms. The plurals are bawkîr, bawgîr, bavkîr, bavgîr. Literally "wind-blade", "wind-point", more loosely "wind-knife". The Adunaic version of the term uses the letter "w", Westron uses the letter "v" instead.
• bawkarêk, bawgarêk (Ad.), bavkarek, bavgarek (W.) - pron. bavkarék, bavgarék, bavkarek, bavgarek - "arrowhead" - bawkar, bawgar, bavkar, bavgar, "arrow" (P-AdW), ek, rek, "thorn", "barb" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "arrow-thorn", "arrow-barb".
• sulan an-bawkar (-gar) (Ad.), sulan an-bavkar (-gar) (W.) - pron. sulan an-bavkar, sulan an-bavgar - "arrow shaft" - sulan, "pole", "shaft" (P-AdW), bawkar, bawgar, bavkar, bavgar, "arrow" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "shaft-of-the-arrow".
• bawâpaikêth (Ad.), bavâpaikêth (W.) - pron. bavaa-pie-kéth - "(arrow) fletching", "(arrow) flights" - bawâpaik, bavâpaik, "feather" (P-AdW), -êth, suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW term. Literally "feathering". 
  
• khêtazgô (Ad.), hêtazgô (W.) - pron. khétazgoo (-oo as in "door" or "a" in "hall"), hétazgoo (-oo same as previous) - "throwing weapon" - khêt, hêt, "to throw", "throw", "to hurl" (P-AdW), azgô, "weapon" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. General term for hand-thrown weapons.
• khêtpakar, khêtakar, khêtigmil (Ad.), hêtpakar, hêtakar, hêtigmil (W.) - pron. (k)hét-puck-are, (k)hétakar, (k)hétigmil - "throwing axe", "throwing knife", "throwing star" - khêt, hêt, "to throw", "throw", "to hurl" (P-AdW), pâkar, "axe" (P-AdW), akar, "knife" (P-AdW), igmil, "star-shaped", "in the shape of a star" (Ad.) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms.
  
• khêt-sulankar (-gar) (Ad.), hêt-sulankar (-gar) (W.) - pron. khét-sulan-car/-gar, hét-sulan-car/-gar - "throwing spear" - khêt, hêt, "to throw", "throw", "to hurl" (P-AdW), azgô, "weapon" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Any ordinary spear used mainly for melee that can also be thrown at a short distance, in the manner of a heavier javelin.
  
• pâbawkar, pâbawgar (Ad.), pâbavkar, pâbavgar (W.) - pron. - paabavkar, paabavgar (-bav- roughly like -bov- in "above") - "javelin", "fletched javelin" - pâ, "hand" (Ad.), bawâb, "wind" (Ad.), bavâb, "wind" (P-AdW-W.), akar, "knife" (P-AdW), the presumed kar and gar word roots for a blade or pointy metal object (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced terms. Literally "hand-arrow" (hand-thrown arrow). Not as much of an exaggeration, as some real world military javelins (especially medieval era ones) did have fletched ends, for better stability in flight after being thrown.

 

(C) Sergio Artigas - Longbeard and Ironfist dwarf
in padded armour and dwarf-mail (two images from this heptych)

 

 

(C) Weta Workshop (Nick Keller) - dwarven padded armour, dwarf-mail and dwarven "corslets"
(note the lack of a continuous cuirass and similarities to Indo-Persian "plate-and-mail" armour)

(C) Turner Mohan - Noldor swordsman
(padded armour and mail armour)

(C) Jan Pospíšil - Knight of Arnor in padded armour and mail armour on top

(C) John Hower - Mithril (depicting the high-end material's use in riveted mail armour)

(C) Jan Pospíšil - Haradrim swordsman in padded armour and lamellar platelet "corslet"

(C) Turner Mohan - Late Númenorean armour
(padded armour and scale armour, with proto-plate armour elements, e.g. shinguards, vambraces)

Parts of a sword in P-AdW
(the term for tang is written with a short "e" in Westron)

(C) Sergio Artigas - Narsil and Andúril, Flame of the West (one-handed and hand-and-a-half swords)

(C) Sergio Artigas - Shortswords of the Sevens Houses of the Dwarves (generally one-handed swords)

(C) Jon Hodgson - Middle-earth weapons common in Rhovanion (daggers, swords, spears, axes, bows)

(C) Sergio Artigas - Dwarven one-handed axes (lighter ones also usable for throwing)

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Types of warriors and soldiers

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• tâlnardû, tâlazg(ar) - pron. taalnardoo, taalazg(ar) - "footsoldier", "footman", "infantryman", "infantry soldier/warrior" - tâl, "leg" (P-AdW), nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), azgar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from a newly-introduced term and from canon Adunaic terms.
  
• azgaranû, azgaranê - pron. azgaranoo, azgarané - "male warrior", "female warrior (bellatrix)" - azgar, "warrior" (Ad.), anû, "male (human)", "(human) man" (Ad.), anê, "female (human)", "(human) woman"  (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and a newly-introduced term. An aglarla azgaranû w (or aglarlu azgaranû ) would be a "famous warrior", "glorious warrior", an aglarla azgaranî (or aglarli azgaranî ) would be a "famous female warrior", "glorious female warrior".
• sulankarnardû, sulangarnardû, sulankarazg, sulangarazg - pron. sulankarnardoo, sulangarnardee, sulankarazg, sulangarazg - "spearman" - sulankar, sulangar, "spear", "lance" (P-AdW),  nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.) - Derived from newly-introduced terms and from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "spear soldier", "spear warrior".
• pakarnardû, pakarazg - pron. pakarnardoo, pakarazg - "axeman" - pâkar, "axe" (P-AdW), nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.) - Derived from a newly-introduced term and from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "axe soldier", "axe warrior".
• zagaranû, zagaranê - pron. zagaranoo, zagarané - "swordsman", "swordswoman" - zagar, "sword" (Ad.), anû, "male (human)", "(human) man" (Ad.), anê, "female (human)", "(human) woman" (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and a newly-introduced term.
  
• kanhuznardû, kanhuznatazg - pron. kanhuznardoo, kanhuznatazg - "(military) archer", "soldier archer", "soldier bowman" - kanhuzunad, kanhuznatad, "bow" (P-AdW), nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and a newly-introduced terms. Literally "bow-soldiers", "bow-warriors", or even more literally "hold-towards-ear-soldiers" and "hold-towards-ear-warrior".
• ârkanhuznardû - pron. aarkanhuznardoo - "king's archer" - âr-, "kingly", "royal", kanhuznardû, "archer", "bowman" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and a newly-introduced term. A reference to the King's Archers of Númenor, who were equipped with the famous Númenorean innovation of steel-bows.
• izindukhêtnardû, izindubawknardû, sulankhêtanardû - pron. izindchétnardú, izindbavknardú, sulanchétnardú - "crossbowman" - izindkhêta, sulankhêta, "crossbow" (P-AdW), nardû, "soldier" (Ad.) - Derived from a newly-introduced term and a canon Adunaic term. Literally "straight-throwing soldier" and "straight-shooting soldier". Military use of crossbows by Númenorean archers remains semi-speculative.
• halad, haladnardû - pron. hull-ud (-ud rh. w. "spud"), hull-ud-nardoo - "guard", "guardsman" - halad, "guard", "warden" (EdL / Taliska), nardû, "soldier" (Ad.) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and a canon Edain languages term. Derived from from the original Taliskan halad, "guard", "warden", a person who guards, and from the canon Adunaic term for "soldier".
• tudnardû, tudhalad - pron. tudnardoo, tud-hull-ud - "watchman", "watch-guard" - nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), halad, "guard", "warden" (EdL / Taliska) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and a canon Edain languages term. A night-watchman would be rougly lômi-tudnardû or lômi-tudhalad. 
• nardûhal - pron. nardoohull - "captain" - nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), hal, "chieftain", "chief", "headman" (EdL / Taliska) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and a canon Edain languages term. Derived from from the original Taliskan hal, "chieftain", "chief", a person with chieftain duties in a community, and from the canon Adunaic term for "soldier". Literally "soldier-chieftain", "soldier-headman", "soldier-hetman".
• nardûbâr - pron. nardoobaar - "general", "lord-commander" - nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), bâr, "lord" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "soldier-lord". A royal general would be an ârnardûbâr ("royal soldier-lord").
• raznahalad, raznardû - pron. ruznahulled, ruznardoo - "ranger", "patrolman", "scout" - razna, "to wander" (P-AdW), halad, "guard", "warden" (EdL / Taliska), nardû, "soldier" (Ad.) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term, a canon Edain languages term, and a newly-introduced term. Literally "wandering-warden", "wandering-soldier". This would be the P-AdW term for the Rangers of the North (Dúnedain of Arnor) and the Ithilien Rangers (of Gondor).
• nâlonaru, nâlonardû - naalonaru, naalonardoo - "spy", "intel-gatherer" - nâlo, "shadow" (Ad.), nal-, "shadowy" (Ad./P-AdW), naru, "man" (Ad.), nardû, "soldier" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "shadow-man" and "shadow-soldier". Self-explanatory.
• karabnardû, karabazg(ar) - pron. karubnardoo (-oo as in "door" or "a" in "hall"), karubazg(ar) - "cavalryman", "warrider" - karab, "horse" (Ad.), nardû, "soldier" (Ad.), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "horse soldier", "horse warrior". P-AdW differentiates between a general term for a rider, horseman/horsewoman (karabnaru, karabzini, etc.) and the term denoting a military horseman, a cavalryman, i.e. a mounted soldier or mounted warrior (karabnardû, karabaz).
• karbutâlnardû, karab-tâlnardû, karbutâlazg(ar), karabtâlazg(ar) - pron. karbutaalnardoo (-oo as in "door" or "a" in "hall"), karub-taalnardoo, karbutaalazg(ar), karub-taalazg(ar) - "mounted infantryman", "mounted footman", "mounted infantry warrior" - karab, "horse" (Ad.), tâlnardû, "footsoldier", "footman", "infantryman"  (P-AdW), tâlazgar, "infantry warrior" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms. Literally "horse-footsoldier", "horse-footman", "horse-infantry-warrior". P-AdW also knows how to differentiate between the term for a genuine cavalryman, trained in mounted combat, cavalry combat (karabnardû, karabazg(ar)) and the term denoting a mounted infantryman, mounted footman, who travels and patrols on horseback, but largelly fights dismounted, as an infantryman (karabtâlnardû, karabtâlazg(ar)).
• karab-bâr, karabâr, karbubâr, bâr an-karab  - pron. karub-baar, karubaar, karbubaar, baar an-karub - "knight" - karab, "horse" (Ad.), karbu-, "horse", obj. c. (Ad.), bâr, "lord", "nobleman" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "horse lord", "horse-lord", "lord of the horse". Equivalent to the elvish term roquen ("knight"), also used in Gondor and Arnor.
• karab-bârim, karabârim, karbubârim, bârim an-karab - pron. karub-baarim, karubaarim, karbubaarim, baarim an-karab - "knights" - karab, "horse" (Ad.), karbu-, "horse", obj. c. (Ad.), bârim, "lords", "noblemen" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "horse lords", "horse-lords", "lords of the horse". 
• ârkarabâr, ârkarbubâr, ârkarabârim, ârkarbubârim - pron. aarkarubaar, aarkarbubaar, aarkarubaarim, aarkarbubaarim - "royal knight", "royal knights" - âr-, "kingly", "royal" (Ad.), karab, "horse" (Ad.), karbu-, "horse", obj. c. (Ad.), bâr, "lord", "nobleman" (Ad.), bârim, "lords", "noblemen" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "royal-horse-lord" and "royal-horse-lords".
  
• karab-hal, karabhal, karbuhal - pron. karub-hull, karubhull, karbuhull - "cavalry captain", "marshal" - karab, "horse" (Ad.), karbu-, "horse", obj. c. (Ad.), hal, "chieftain", "chief", "headman" (EdL / Taliska) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and a canon Edain languages term. Literally "horse-chieftain". The term for "First Marshal of the Riddermark", a military rank in Rohan, head leader, head marshal of the Rohan royal cavalry, would be roughly Îrt karab-hal an-Karbuzâyan (literally "First Horse-Chieftain/Hetman of the Horseland").
• azgu-abanakur - pron. azgu-abanuck-ur - "charioteer", "war wagon driver" -
  
• kmâpahald-zini - pron. kmaapahulled-zini - "shield-maiden" - kmâpahald, "shield" (P-AdW), zini, "woman", "lady" (Ad.) - Derived from a newly-introduced term and a canon Adunaic term. A simple term, combining a newly-created term and an established canon term. (Yes, I know it's "maiden", but I didn't want to use "girl", so "woman" or "lady" it is...)
• sûzuhalad, sûzusivârhalad - pron. soozu-hull-ud, soozusivaar-hull-ud - "shirriff" -  sûza, "shire" (W.), Sûza(t), "(The) Shire" (W.), sûzu,"shire", obj. c. (W./P-AdW), halad, "guard", "warden" (EdL / Taliskan), sivârhalad, "guardian of the peace", "public warden", "public guard" (P-AdW)  - Derived from canon Westron terms, a canon Edain language term, and newly-introduced terms. This can apply to any shirriffs of shires in Middle-earth, e.g. the former shires of the Kingdom of Arnor. The hobbits of The Shire carried on with the tradition by creating their own Shirriffs. A shirriff specifically of The Shire inhabited by the hobbits could be called (officially) Sûztuhalad or Sûztusivârhalad.
  

 

 

 

 

(C) Turner Mohan - Noldorin archer
(light armour, plumed helmet, bow, quiver and sidearms)

 

 

(C) "J_Lazarus_EB" - Horse-Lord of Rohan

(C) Jan Pospíšil - Harondor Ambush

(C) Teodort92 - Hobbit shirriffs of The Shire

 

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Fighting stances and military formations

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• anû-sulgar, anû-sulkar (abbrev. form of anû-sulangar, anû-sulankar) - pron. anoo-sulgar, anoo-sulcar - "man-spearhead", "spearmen wedge formation" - nernehta, "man-spearhead", "man-wedge" (Q.), dírnaith, "man-spearhead" (S.), anû, "man", "male person" (Ad.), sulgar, sulkar, abbrev. colloquial form of sulangar, sulankar, "spear", "lance" (P-AdW) - Derived by translation from the Quenya military term nernehta and the counterpart Sindarin military term dírnaith, which both translate to "man-spearhead". This formation style was described as a spear-focused wedge formation, launched over a short distance against an enemy massing but not yet arrayed, or against a defensive formation on open ground. It was designed by the Númenóreans for rapid attacks against an opposing force, before such a force could properly prepare and array itself for a battle. This formation style often relied on the great strength and tall stature of Númenórean soldiers. Given the elvish terminology in two of the most dominant elvish languages of Middle-earth's Westland, it's very likely this attack formation was aslo used by elvish armies.
• kmâpahald-ramêd - pron. kmaapahulled-ruméd (-rum- as in "rum") - "shield wall", "schiltron" -  sandastan, "shield-barrier" (Q.), sanda, "shield" (Q.), stama, "to bar", "to block", "to exclude" (Q.), thangail, "shield-fence" (S.), than, "shield" (S.), cail, "fence" (S.), kmâpahald, "(handheld) shield" (P-AdW), ramêd, "wall" (P-AdW) - Derived by translation from the Quenya military term sandastan and the counterpart Sindarin military term thangail, which both translate to "shield-barrier" or "shield-wall". A defensive formation used by elvish armies and by Númenórean soldiers in the realms of the Númenóreans. Infantry created this formation by two closely-pressed ranks forming a barrier of shields, solidly enough to withstand the onslaught of their enemies. The shields of the soldiers were supplemented with spears (on most occassions) or with other polearms, axes and swords (depending on what was available or preferrable at a given moment). The thangail / sandastan / kmâpahald-ramêd was designed to be a flexible formation, to reflect the ongoing and evolving situation on a battlefield. Its ranks could bend at either one or both of thw formation's ends, in order to adapt to enemy tactics. Soldiers could opt to fully curl the two ends of the formation, allowing the two ends to meet themselves and create an enclosed defensive circle of shields. The final element in the Quenya term sandastan is derived from the stem stama-, i.e. "to bar", "to exclude", so a fairly literal translation of the term is most probably 'shield-barrier'. The Sindarin term thangail consists of the elements than ("shield") and cail ("fence"), meaning "shield-fence". This formation style has plentiful counterparts in real world history, including several shield-and-weapon infantry formatin styles from antiquity, as well as the shield walls and schiltrons of the early medieval and high medieval period. (This is unsurprising, as Tolkien took a great deal of inspiration particularly in the latter two eras.)
  
• zagruzidar, azguzidar/azgarzidar - pron. zagruzidar, azguzidar/azgarzidar - "swordfighting stance", "fighting stance" - zagar, "sword" (Ad.), zagru-, "sword", obj. c. (Ad.), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.), azgu-, "war", obj. c. (P-AdW), zidar, "poise" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced terms.  
  

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Siege engines and military vehicles

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES   
• ôstumâvu (Ad.), ôzdumâvu (W.) - oosta- (oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") -maava, oozdu- (same as previous) -maava - "battering ram" - ôstu-, ôzdu-, "fort-", "fortress-" (P-AdW),  mâvu, "ram", "male sheep" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms.
  
• bawâbrabô, bawâbdrabô, bawârabô, bavâb-rabô - pron. bawaabraboo (-oo as in "door" or "a" in "hall"), bawaabdraboo, bawaaraboo, bavaab-raboo - "bolt-thrower", "torsion siege engine" - bawâb, "wind" (Ad.), bavâb, "wind" (P-AdW-W.), rabô, "dog" (Ad.), drabô, "hound" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms and aforementioned newly-introduced terms. Literally "wind-hound". Númenoreans and their Dúnedain descendants use this term like we used "scorpio" or "springald" in the real world. The first and second term is typical Adunaic form, the third is soldier jargon, the fourth term the Westron form (as there is no w in Westron). Arnor and Gondor were more likely to use springald designs, especially in later centuries of their existence.
  
• bawâb-sulangar, bavâb-sulangar - pron. bawaab-sulangar, bavaab-sulangar - "spear-thrower (engine)", "siege crossbow" - bawâb, "wind" (Ad.), sulangar, "spear", "lance" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms. A more crossbow-like variation on the Númenorean bolt-thrower, generally unseen outside of Erebor and Dale. Colloquially known as the "wind-lance". 
• burôda bawkar (bawgar/bavkar), brabô-bawkar (-bawgar/bavkar) - pron. burooda (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") bavkar (bavgar), braboo-bavkar (-bavgar) - "heavy bolt", "heavy dart", "hound-dart" - buróda, "heavy" (Ad.), brabô, "hound" (P-AdW), bawkar (-gar), bavkar (-gar), "arrow" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms. These are either fletched javelins or large arrows and bolts used in torsion throwing engines available to Númenoreans and their Arnor and Gondor descendants.
• borukhêta (Ad.), boruhêta (W.) - pron. borakhéta, borahéta - "catapult", "onager" - bora, "stone", "rock", obj. c. (P-AdW), khêt, "to throw", "throw", "to hurl" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. Literally "stone-thrower", "stone-hurler". More colloquially borakhêta and borahêta. A smaller specimen is a miyboru(k)hêta. 
  
• aphrenkhêta (Ad.), aphrenhêta (W.) - pron. aphrenkhéta, aphrenhéta - "trebuchet", "mangonel" - aph, "long" (P-AdW), rên, "arm" (P-AdW), khêt, hêt, "to throw", "throw", "to hurl" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. Any throwing siege engine built in the manner of a trebuchet or mangonel. Literally "long-arm-thrower". 
  
• azgu-abanak, azgal abanak, azgu-abatak, azgal abatak - pron. azgu-abanuck, azgu-abatuck, az-gull abatuck, az-gull abatuck - "war wagon" - azga, "war" (Ad.), abanak, abatak, "wagon" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and a newly-introduced term. Could be a chariot, or something like a four-wheeled wagon converted for warfare.
  
• bawâb-rabôla abanak (Ad.), bavâb-rabal abanak (W.) - pron. bavaab-raboola (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") abanuck, bavaab-rabal abanuck - "bolt-thrower wagon" - bawâb-rabô, bavâb-rabô, "bolt-thrower", "wind-hound" (P-AdW), abanak, "wagon" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced term. The Númenorean and later Arnorian and Gondorian equivalent of real world carroballistae. The Westron version uses "v" instead of Adunaic "w".
  

 


(C) Luis F. Bejarano - Noldorin battering ram (concept)

(C) Luis F. Bejarano - Noldorin catapult (concept)

(C) 2015 Military History.org - Visual reconstruction of carroballistae

 

 (C) Wikimedia Commons public domain image
16th century depiction of Roman carroballistae (De Rebus Bellicis, 1552)

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Fortified structures and military structures

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• azguhôl - pron. azguhool (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "armoury" - azgô, "weapon" (P-AdW), azgu, "war-", "weapon-", obj. c. (P-AdW), hôl, "interior", "room" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. General term for any weapon storeroom.
  
• ôsta (Ad./W.), ôzd (W.) - pron. oosta, oozd (oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "fort", "fortress", "stronghold" - osto, ostirion, "fort", "fortress", "stronghold" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms. Adunaic and Westron forms of the Quenya loanword, used in both languages. A small fort would be a miyôzd or miyôsta.
• mênaz (Ad.), menas (W.) - pron. ménaz, menas - "tower", "fortified tower/keep" - minassë, "tower", "fort or city with keep" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms. Adunaic and Westron forms of the Quenya loanword. Compare with Sindarin minas, "tower".
• ôstramêd, ôstramîd (Ad.), ôzdramd, ôzdramîd (W.) - pron. oost (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") -ruméd (-rum- as in "rum"), oostrumeed, oozdrummed, oozdrumeed - "fortified wall", "fortress wall", "castle wall" - ôzd, ôst, "fortress" (P-AdW), ramêd, ramd, "wall" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. A stone wall, wooden palisade or stockade, curtain wall, any fortress or city fortification.
• kadar-ramêd (Ad.), kadar-ramd (W.), kadar-ramîd - pron. kadar-ruméd, kadar-rummed, kadar-rumeed - "city wall", "city walls" - kadar, "city" (Ad.), ramêd, ramd, "wall" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and aforementioned newly-introduced term. A stone wall, wooden palisade or stockade, curtain wall, any fortress or city fortification.
• anrâd, anrîd - pron. anraad, anreed - "gate", "gates" - ando, "gate" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. A general term for a gate, usually an un-fortified type.
• ôzdanrâd, ôstanrâd, kadar-anrâd - pron. oozdanraad (oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall"), oostanraad, kadar-anraad - "fortified gate", "gatehouse", "city gate" - ôzd, ôst, "fortress" (P-AdW), kadar, "city" (Ad.), anrâd, "gate" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and newly-introduced terms. The gatehouse of a fortified city, fortress, hill fort or castle.
• haldu-tubîl - pron. haldu-tubeel - "defensive stakes", "protective stakes" - hald, "protection", "shielding" (P-AdW), haldu-, "protection", "shielding", obj. c. (P-AdW), tûbal, "stake" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. Used for any movable pre-prepared wooden stakes that soldiers can set up on an open battlefield as a makeshift barrier/palisade, for added protection from a charging enemy.
  

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Fleet and naval warfare

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• azruhald, azrutu(d)nas - pron. azruhald, azrutu(d)nas - "fleet", "navy" - azra, "sea" (Ad.), azru-, "sea-related", obj. c. (Ad.), hald, "guard", "deterrent" (P-AdW), tudnas, tunas, "guard" (W.) - Literally "sea-guard".
• azgarâbalak - pron. azgarábalak - "warship" - azgarâ, "going to war", "waging war", "war-related" (Ad.), balak, "ship" (Ad.) - Literal meaning.
• arbalak - pron. arbalak - "flagship" - ar-, âr-, "kingly", "queenly", "royal" (Ad.), balak, "ship" (Ad.) - Literally "king-ship", "royal ship".
• balîk an-azruhald, azruhaldal balîk - pron. baleek an-azruhulled, azruhulldull baleek - "ships of the fleet", "fleet ships" - azruhald, "fleet" (P-AdW), an-, "of" (Ad.), balîk, "ships" (Ad.) - Literally "ships of the sea-guard" and "the sea-guard's ships".
• azrubâr - pron. azrubár - "sea-lord" - azru, "sea-related", obj. c. (Ad.), bâr, "lord" (Ad.) - A fleetlord of a Mannish fleet or navy, roughly like an admiral from later eras of the real world.
• balak-hal - pron. baluck-hull - "ship captain" - balak, "ship" (Ad.), hal, "chieftain" (EdL, Taliska) - Literally "ship-chieftain", "ship-captain".
• azrunur, azrunîr - pron. azrunur, azruneer - "mariner", "sailor" (sg.) "mariners", "sailors" (pl.) - azra, "sea", azru, "sea", obj. c. (Ad.), -ur, ending from razanur, "pilgrim" (W.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term, a suffix suggested by a canon Westron term, and from established canon Adunaic grammar patterns.
• balkur, balkîr - pron. balkur, balkeer - "shipman", "sailor" (sg.), "shipmen", "sailors" (pl.) - balak, "ship", balku-, "ship", obj. c. (Ad.), -ur, ending from razanur, "pilgrim" (W.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term, a suffix suggested by a canon Westron term, and from established canon Adunaic grammar patterns.
  
• azrunardû, azranardû, balkunardû, balaknardû - pron. azrunardoo, azranardoo, balkunardoo, balaknardoo - "military sailor", "marine" - azra, "sea" (Ad.), azru-, "sea-related", obj. c. (Ad.), nardû, "soldier" (Ad.) - Literally "sea-soldier" and "ship-soldier". For example, Gondor's navy in provinces like Linhir might include a fair few Linhiral azrunardû.
• azruzagar, balakzagar - pron. azruzagar, balakzagar - "naval sword" - azra, "sea" (Ad.), azru-, "sea-related", obj. c. (Ad.), balak, "ship" (Ad.), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms. Literally "sea-sword" and "ship-sword". General term for swords used in Mannish navies. Sometimes colloquially shortened to azragar, especially in Westron naval jargon.
• azkaranzagar - pron. azkaranzagar - "cutlass", "maritime single-edged sword" - azra, "sea" (Ad.), karanzagar, "falchion", "single-edged sword" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced term. We don't know for sure, but some of the sailors and marines of Middle-earth might have cutlass equivalents or similar swords.

 

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Bonus: Exotic vocabulary (unofficial - purely for fun)

You should regard these bonus terms more like a good-natured joke, even though they are theoretically usable. There are some fans who would want to write a fanfic or concept summary about more industrially themed technologies occuring in Middle-earth or elsewhere in Arda, and so on. It's especially with those fans in mind that  I've prepared this bonus vocabulary. None of these words are official for Middle-earth and Arda, neither canonically, nor even in P-AdW.

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• narakabâr, minulabâr - pron. narakabár, minalabár - "vzdušná sila" - narak, "orol" (Ad.), minul, "nebo" (Ad.), abâr, "moc", "sila" (Ad.) - Doslovnejšie "orlo-moc" a "obloho-moc". Viem si predstaviť, že tento výraz by mohol byť použitý Númenorčanmi pri spomínaní Manweho Veľkých orlov, alebo neprístupný koncept vzdušných síl. Áno, númenorské vzducholode nie sú kánonické, zmierte sa s tým ! More literally "eagle-power" and "heavens-power". I imagine this would be used by Númenoreans when referring to Manwe's Great Eagles, or the inaccessible concept of aerial power. Yes, the Númenorean airships are non-canon, deal with it !
• narakbalak, minulbalak, minlubalak - pron. narakbaluck, minulbaluck, minlubaluck - "airship", "dirigible" - narak, "eagle" (Ad.), minul, minlu-, "sky", "heavens", obj. c. (Ad.), balak, "ship" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms. Literally "eagle-ship" or "skyship". All right, all right, if you want to have Númenorean airships, I will at least imply their naming. These terms are used only for airships.
• naraklûnta, minlulûnta, minulûnta - pron. narakloonta, minluloonta, minuloonta - "aeroplane", "aircraft", "flyer", "flying machine" - narak, "eagle" (Ad.), minlu-, minul, "sky", "heavens", obj. c. (Ad.), lûnta, "boat" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms and a newly-introduced term. Literally "eagle-boat" and "sky boat", "heavens boat", or alternately, "skyboat", "heavensboat". All right, all right, if you want to have Númenorean aeroplanes, I will at least imply their naming. These terms are used only for heavier-than-air flying vehicles, a different terminology would be used for aerostats (balloons and airships).
• phanubalak - pron. phanubaluck - "steamer", "steamship" - phanêw, phanêv, "steam" (P-AdW), phanu-, "steam-", obj. c. (P-AdW), balak, "ship" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced term and a canon Adunaic term. Literally "steamship" (this term also exists in that exact same form in English).
• haldvagla phanubalak, anguvagla phanubalak - pron. haldvugla phanubaluck, anguvugla phanubaluck - "armoured steamer", "armoured steamship" - haldvagla, "armoured" (P-AdW), anguvagla, "iron-coated" (P-AdW),  phanêw, phanêv, "steam" (P-AdW), phanubalak, "steamship" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. Literally "steamship".

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External links

What kind of armour did Tolkien's dwarves use ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Should Thorin Oakenshield have been able to wield Orcrist ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

How did Tolkien envision Gondorian armour ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Was Imrahil's vambrace made of metal ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Did the Knights of Dol Amroth fight with lances ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Did J. R. R. Tolkien's Aragorn use a two-handed sword ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Did the Elves or Dúnedain use any military ranks ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

How many armies did Arnor have ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

How many armies did Gondor have ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Why did Tolkien use the term "ranger" ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

How many Riders of Rohan were there ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

How large was the Kingdom of Dale's army ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Did The Shire have an army or military ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Are there women warriors in Tolkien's literature ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

The Evolution of Knightly Armour 1066-1485 (analytical video by Rafaelo Urbani) - why Middle-earth and Arda has only early medieval to high medieval era armour types, not late-medieval armour types

Noun declension in the objective case (Eldamo.org.)