New additions - Pronouns (and their functional equivalents)

New vocabulary of P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron pronouns, or the equivalent of pronouns.

As was already mentioned in the article on the canon depiction of pronouns, Adunaic (and based on most indicators, Westron as well) did not have typical pronouns, as we understand them in Slovak, in English, and the majority of Indoeuropean languages, or in Ugrofínnic and Middle Eastern languages as well.

In most situations, the role of pronouns was taken up by special prefixes, which denoted grammatical person, grammatical number and often also grammatical gender, and were appended to verbs as prefixes. Thus, you can refer to them as a certain type of "pronominal prefixes".

It is also similar in the case of the P-AdW version of Adunaic and Westron. In the overwhelming number of cases, in most typical sentences, you only see the use of pronoun-styled / pronominal prefixes, most commonly as the prefix part of verbs. Separate forms of personal pronouns are used significantly less, but in contrast to the canon version, it is possible to use them in certain contexts (e.g. when you're asking specifically about a particular person, creature or thing represented purely by a pronoun). Pronominal prefixes known from the canon versions of both languages (in essence, almost entirely from canon Adunaic) were used for deriving these newly-introduced forms of separate personal pronouns, more rarely used separate personal pronouns.

 
Personal pronouns and pronoun prefixes

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• ni - pron. ni - "I" - Nie je priamo potvrdené v poznámkach ku kánonickej adunajčine, ide o hypotetickú odvodeninu dávnejšie utvorenú Tolkienovými lingvistickými fanušíkmi. Použiteľné ako samostatné zámeno alebo ako zámenná predpona.
• hê - pron. hé - "me", "to me" - Priamo potvrdené v poznámkach ku kánonickej adunajčine. Všimnite si rozdiel s "i". Použiteľné ako samostatné zámeno alebo ako zámenná predpona.
• ki - pron. ki - "you" - Priamo potvrdené v poznámkach ku kánonickej adunajčine. Použiteľné ako samostatné zámeno alebo ako zámenná predpona.
• u- - pron. u- - "he" - Zámenná (a rodová) predpona mužského rodu. Primárne stvárnenie osobných zámen mužského rodu vo väčšine viet.
  
• hi- - pron. hi - "she" - Zámenná (a rodová) predpona ženského rodu. Primárne stvárnenie osobných zámen ženského rodu vo väčšine viet.
• a- - pron. a- - "it" - The pronominal (and grammatical gender) prefix of the neuter gender. Primárne stvárnenie osobných zámen stredného rodu vo väčšine viet.
  
• hu - pron. hu - "he" - Usable as a separate pronoun for a being of masculine grammatical gender.
• hi - pron. hi - "she" - Usable as a separate pronoun for a being of masculine grammatical gender. "Hi" is directly attested to in the notes for canon Adunaic, but "i" is a derivative that was made a while back by fans of Tolkien's linguistics.
• ha (both languages), hwa (Ad.), hva (W.) - "it" - pron. ha, hva - Usable as a separate pronoun for an object, thing, concept (and theoretically also a being) of neuter gender. The versions with "w" or "v" are somewhat hypothetical renditions, created because of the common version ými pretože bežná verzia "ha" by mohla nechtiac vyvolať nedorozumenie s citoslovciami typu "ha ha". Je už na rozhodnutí používateľa, či použije iba ha alebo hwa/hva. 
• nê - pron. né - "we" - Usable as a separate pronoun or as a pronominal prefix.
• li - pron. li - "you" - Usable as a separate pronoun or as a pronominal prefix.
• yu - pron. yu - "they" - Usable as a separate pronoun or as a pronominal (and grammatical gender) prefix.
• yi - pron. yi - "they" - Usable as a separate pronoun or as a pronominal (and grammatical gender) prefix.
• ya - pron. ya - "they" - Usable as a separate pronoun or as a pronominal (and grammatical gender) prefix.

 

Question pronouns and relational pronouns

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES   
• mân - pron. maan - "who" - man, "who" (Q. pronoun), anâ, "human", "person" (Ad.) - Derived from the Quenya pronoun and the canon Adunaic term. "Who is..." is rendered as "Mâna...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• amad (Ad.), amd (W.) - pron. amad, amd - "what" - a, "it" (Ad.), mân, "who", an(a)z, "where", anîd, "when" (P-AdW), mana, "what is" (Q.) - Derived from the Quenya term mana, "what is", besides word roots from canon Adunaic and P-AdW. "What is..." is rendered as "Am(a)da...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• anaz (Ad.), anz (W.) - pron. anaz, anz - "where" - tan(a)d, "there" (P-AdW), am(a)d, "what" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. "Where is..." is rendered as "Anza...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• anazad (Ad.), anzad (W.) - pron. anazad, anzad - "to where" - an(a)z, "where" (P-AdW), tan(a)d, "there" (P-AdW), -ad, "that way", "towards" (Ad.) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW term and from the canon suffix ending -ad ("towards"). 
• tan - pron. tun - "here" - tanad, tand, "there" (P-AdW) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW term.
  
• tanad (Ad.), tand (W.) - pron. tanad, tand - "there" - sanomë, tanomë, "there" (Q.), an(a)z, "where" (P-AdW) - Derived from the Quenya term sanomë, tanomë, "there". "There (it) is..." is rendered as "Tan(a)da...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• anîd - pron. uh-need, a-need - "when" - yá, írë, illume, "when" (Q.), îdo, "now" (Ad.) - Derived from Quenya word roots and from the canon Adunaic term îdo. "When is..." is rendered as "Anîda...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• tînid (Ad.), tînd (W.) - vysl. teen(i)d - "then", "when" - tan(a)d, "there", anîd, "when" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. "Then it is..." or "When (it) is..." is rendered as "Tîn(i)da...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• mâd - pron. maad - "how" - manen, "how" (Q. adverb) - Derived from the Quenya adverb denoting "how". 
• mâdun, mâdin, mâdan - pron. maa-dun, maa-din, maa-dan - "what" (sg.) - Derived from the newly-introduced adverb and pronoun mâd, "how". Examples: Mâdun naru ?, "What man ?" (masc.), Mâdin zini ?, "What woman ?" (fem.), Mâdan zadan ? Mâdan kadar ?, "What house ? What city ?" (neut.)
• mâduni, mâdini, mâdani - pron. maa-duni, maa-dini, maa-dani - "what" (pl.) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW adverb and the pronoun mâd, "how". Examples:  Mâduni narî ?, "What men ?" (masc.), Mâdini zinî ?, "What women ?" (fem.), Mâdani zadîn ? Mâdani kadîr ?, "What houses ? What cities ?" (neut.)
• sîdun, sîdin, sîdan - pron. see-dun, see-din, see-dan - "such" (sg.) - sîn, sîna, "this" (P-AdW), mâdun, mâdin, mâdan, "what" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW adverb and the pronoun mâd, "how". Examples:
• sîduni, sîdini, sîdani - pron. see-duni, see-dini, see-dani - "such" (pl.) - sîn, sîna, "this" (P-AdW), mâduni, mâdini, mâdani, "what" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW adverb and the pronoun mâd, "how". Examples:
• âini (sg.), âinî (pl.) - pron. I-ni, aay-ni (sg.), I-nee, aay-nee (pl.) - "any" - ainima, "any kind of" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.  
• hatûn, hatîn, hatân - pron. hatoon, hateen, hataan - "which" (sg.) - Examples: Hatûn naru ?, "Which man ?" (masc.), Hatîn zini ?, "Which woman ?" (fem.), Hatân zadan ? Hatân kadar ?, "Which house ? Which city ?" (neut.)
• hatûni, hatîni, hatâni - pron. hatooni, hateeni, hataani - "which" (pl.) - Examples: Hatûni narî ?, "Which men ?" (masc.), Hatîni zinî ?, "Which women ?" (fem.), Hatâni zadîn ? Hatâni kadîr ?, "Which houses ? Which cities ?"  (neut.)
• mâdlinul, mâdlinil, mâdlinal - pron. maadlinul, maadlinil, maadlinal - "how many" (sg.) - Derived from the newly-introduced adverb mâdlinra, "how many", "how much", literally "how-many". Examples: Mâdlinul naru ?, "Which man ?" (masc.), Mâdlinil zini ?, "Which woman ?" (fem.), Mâdlinal zadan ? Mâdlinal kadar ?, "Which house ? Which city ?" (neut.)
• mâdlinuli, mâdlinili, mâdlinali - pron. maadlinuli, maadlinili, maadlinali - "how many" (pl.) - Odvodené od novotvarovej príslovky mâdlinra, "koľko", doslova "ako-mnoho". Examples: Mâdlinuli narî ?, "How many men ?" (masc.), Mâdlinili zinî ?, "How many women ?" (fem.), Mâdlinali zadîn ? Mâdlinali kadîr ?, "How many houses ? How many cities ?" (neut.)

Demonstrative pronouns

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• unu - pron. unu - "that" (masc.) - hu, u-, "he" (P-AdW), -u, letter denoting masculine gender (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a canon Adunaic element.
• hini - pron. hini - "that" (fem.) - hi, "she" (P-AdW), -i, letter denoting feminine gender (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a canon Adunaic element.
• vana - pron. vana - "that" (neut.) - hva, "it" (P-AdW), -a, letter denoting neuter gender (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a canon Adunaic element.
• sînu - pron. see-nu - "this" (masc.) - sína, "this" (Q. pronoun), -u, letter denoting masculine gender (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a canon Adunaic element.
• sîni - pron. see-ni - "this" (fem.) - sína, "this" (Q. pronoun), -i, letter denoting feminine gender (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a canon Adunaic element.
• sîna, sîn - pron. see-nuh, seen - "this" (neut.) - sína, "toto" (Q. pronoun), -a, letter denoting  neuter gender (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a canon Adunaic element.
• yasînu - pron. ya-seen-u - "these" (masc.) - yu-, "they-" (masc., P-AdW), sína, "this" (Q. pronoun), -u, letter denoting masculine gender (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a canon Adunaic element.
• yasîni - pron. ya-seen-i - "these" (fem.) - yi-, "they-" (fem., P-AdW), sína, "this" (Q. pronoun), -i, letter denoting feminine gender (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a canon Adunaic element.
  
• yasîna, yasîn - pron. ya-seen-uh, ya-seen - "these" (neut.) - ya-, "they-" (neut., P-AdW), sína, "this" (Q. pronoun), -a, letter denoting feminine gender (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a canon Adunaic element.
• tan - pron. tun - "here" - sanomë, tanomë, "there" (Q.), an(a)z, "where" (P-AdW), tanad, tand, "there" (P-AdW) - Odvodené od quenijského výrazu sanomë, tanomë, "there" a od novotvarových výrazov. Slovesná forma "Here (it) is..." is "Tana...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• tanvan - pron. tun-vun - "over here" - sanomë, tanomë, "there" (Q.), tan, "here" (P-AdW), vana, "it" (P-AdW) - Derived from the Quenya term sanomë, tanomë, "there" a od novotvarových výrazov. Slovesná forma "Tuto je..." is "Tanvana...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• tanad (Ad.), tand (W.) - pron. tun-ud, tund - "there" - sanomë, tanomë, "there" (Q.), an(a)z, "where" (P-AdW), tan, "here" (P-AdW) - Derived from the Quenya term sanomë, tanomë, "there" and from newly-introduced terms. The verb form "There (it) is..." is "Tan(a)da...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• tanadva - pron. tun-uh-dva - "over there" - sanomë, tanomë, "there" (Q.), tanda, tand, "there" (P-AdW), vana, "that" (P-AdW) - Derived from the Quenya term sanomë, tanomë, "there" and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. The verb form "Over there (it) is..." is "Tanadvana...", for all of the grammatical genders.
• anazvan (Ad.), anzvan (W.) - pron. un-uz-won, uz-won - "this way" - an(a)z, "where" (P-AdW), vana, "that" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. The verb form "This way is/leads..." is "An(a)zvana...", for all of the grammatical genders.

  

Possessive pronouns

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
• herya - pron. her-ya - "my", "mine" - hê, "me", "to me" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.)
• kirya - pron. kir-ya - "your", "thy" - ki, "you", "thou" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.)
• urya (subjective case), uryu (objective case) - pron. ur-ya, ur-yu - "his" - u-, "he" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.)
• irya (subjective case), iryu (objective case) - pron. ur-ya, ur-yu - "her" - i-, "she" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.)
• arya (subjective case), aryu (objective case) - pron. ar-ya, ar-yu - "its" (neuter gender) - a-, "it" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.) 
• nêrya (subjective case), nêryu (objective case) - pron. nér-ya, nér-yu - "our" - nê-, "we" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.)  
• lirya (subjective case), liryu (objective case) - pron. lir-ya, lir-yu - "your" - li-, "you" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.)  
• yurya (subjective case), yuryu (objective case) - pron. yir-ya, yir-yu - "their" (masc.)  - yu-, "they" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.)   
• yirya (subjective case), yiryu (objective case) - pron. yir-ya, yir-yu - "their" (fem.) - yi-, "they" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.)  
• yarya (subjective case), yaryu (objective case) - pron. yir-ya, yir-yu - "their" (neut.) - ya-, "they" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.)   

Possessive pronouns in P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron have a touch of grammatical gender only in the third person of the singular number and the third person of the plural number. As with everything connected to grammatical gender in the canon version as well as the P-AdW version, neuter gender is used for everything that is not a creature or being of masculine gender or feminine gender.

Thus, if you're going to be speaking about the possession of something by someone, who is not a person or an animal, use the possessive pronouns of the neuter gender. For example, an artistic treatment of some table or chair, in short, "his" or "her" artistic rendition, will not be of a masculine or a feminine gender, such as is the case in Slovak. It will be in neuter gender in both cases, because both of these languages devised by Tolkien perceive a table and a chair as non-living objects of the neuter gender.

Indeterminate pronouns

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES    
• bâirk - pron. baay-urk - "none", "no one" - bâ, "un-", "not-" (Ad.), îr, "one" (P-AdW), îrnar, "alone", "(in a) lonely (manner)" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. 
• ilkâ - pron. il-kaa - "everyone" - k, "" (Ad.), -rya, "his", "her", "its" (Q.) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and from the aforementioned Quenya suffix.
• înza - pron. een-za - "itself" - insa, "itself" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
• kâtha- - pron. kátha - "all", "everything" - kâtha, "all", "everything" (Ad.) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term.
• munê - pron. muné - "nothing" - munta, "nothing" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.