New additions - Nouns - Food, preparation of food, the kitchen and culinary practices

New vocabulary of P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron nouns, related to the topic of cooking, baking, food preparation, the kitchen and cuisine/culinary matters.

 

The article is under construction.

(C) Audrey Corman - Cram (Middle-earth Collectible Card Game)

General terms

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• abazêth - pron. a-ba-zéth/u-ba-zéth - "cooking", "preparation of food by cooking" - apsa, "cooked food" (Q.), aptaina, "cooked", "broiled" (Q. reconst.), aes, "cooked food" (N.), brath, "to cook", word root (S. reconst.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms, a Noldorin term and a reconstructed Sindarin term (word root), derived from the word root of an early version of elvish (MPE, "Middle Primitive Elvish").   
• abûrêth - pron. ab-oo-réth - "roasting", "grilling", "preparation of food by roasting/grilling" - apsa, "cooked food" (Q.), aptaina, "cooked", "broiled" (Q. reconst.), aes, "cooked food" (N.), brath, "to cook", word root (S. reconst.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms, a Noldorin term and a reconstructed Sindarin term (word root), derived from the word root of an early version of elvish (MPE, "Middle Primitive Elvish").   
• kornê (Ad.), kôrne (W.) - pron. kor-né, kór-ne (-oo- as in "door") - "loaf" - cornë, "loaf" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. Denotes particularly loaves of a round, circular shape (note the similarity with the term kôr, "circle", "ring", "ring shape"), but can also be used for elongated loaves and loaves of other shapes.  
• maznêth - pron. muzz-néth - "baking", "preparation of food by baking" - masta, asta-, "(to) bake" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms (word root), derived from the word root of an early version of elvish (MPE, "Middle Primitive Elvish").

 

Kitchen utensils and dishware

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• abûrgar - pron. ab-oor-gar - "(roasting) skewer", "(roasting) spit" - abûrêth, "roasting", "grilling" (P-AdW), gar, "thrusting point", "spearhead", "prong" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "roasting-prong", "roast-prong". Describes any skewer or spit used for roasting meat or other ingredients as part of food preparation by roasting, grilling, broiling, but especially the metal skewers or spits used for roasting at a fireplace or over a hearth by regular rotating.
• akar, akîr, akrat - pron. akar, akeer, akrat - "knife" (sg.), "knives" (pl.), "a pair of knives" (dl.) - karan, "rozseknúť", "rozčesnúť", "(pre)rezať" (W./P-AdW), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term and from a canon Adunaic term.  
• kablê, kabîl - pron. cub-lé, ka-beel - "spoon" (sg.), "spoons" (pl.) - calpa, "(to) scoop", "scoop out" (Q.), kalpa, "(to) scoop", "scoop out" (EvQ) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and Qenya (early version of Quenya) term. The elvish verb also described a scooping up of water, so it is also suitable to describe a tool that can scoop up water, such as a spoon or a ladle. 
• karkê, garkê, karkîr, garkîr (Ad.) karkê, garkê, karkîr, garkîr, carcê, carcîr (W.) - pron. car-ké, gar-ké, car-keer, ga - "fork" (sg.), "forks" (pl.) - kark, "tooth" (P-AdW-Ad./W.), carc, "tooth" (P-AdW-W.), gar, "thrusting point", "spearhead", "prong" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. The two-pronged fork, used mainly for cooking (especially the larger examples), but also for eating/dining (especially the smaller, table fork examples), would be sattukarkê, sattugarkê or sattucarcê, i.e. "two-pronged fork", "fork with two teeth". Similarly, a three-pronged fork would be nîldukarkê, nîldugarkê or nîlducarcê, and a four-pronged fork would be tharukarkê, tharugarkê or tharucarcê. Both types would be most likely used only for eating, for dining, as table forks. If a two-pronged fork is used only for cooking, it can also be referred to as abzukarkê, abzugarkê or abzucarcê, i.e. "cooking-fork".
• taba, tabi - pron. tub-uh, tub-ee - "(cooking) pot" (sg.), "(cooking) pots" (pl.) - tambe, "pot" (EvQ) - Derived from a term from Qenya (an early version of Quenya). A metal or hardened ceramic pot used for cooking various foods, including foods cooked in boiling water.  
• talab, talîb (Ad.), talb, tîlb (W.), tîlat - pron. talab, taleeb (Ad.), talb, teelb (W.), teal-at - "bowl" (sg.), "bowls" (pl.), "a pair of bowls" (dl.) - tolpo, salba, "bowl", "small bowl" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms. The diminutive "small bowl" would likely be miytalab, miytalb or talabik, talbik.
• dûrukablê, dûrukabîl - pron. doo-ru-cub-lé, doo-ru-ka-beel - "ladle" (sg.), "ladles" (pl.) - dûru-, "deep-", obj. c. (P-AdW), calpa, "(to) scoop", "scoop out" (Q.), kalpa, "(to) scoop", "scoop out" (EvQ), kablê, "spoon" (P-AdW), kabîl, "spoons" (P-AdW) - Odvodené od novotvarových P-AdW výrazov. Vrátane novotvarového výrazu pre lyžicu, odvodeného od quenijského výrazu a výrazu z ranej verzie quenijčiny, tzv. Qenya. The term literally translates to "deep-spoon". The elvish verb also described a scooping up of water, so it is also suitable to describe a tool that can scoop up water, such as a spoon or a ladle. This specific term describes only a ladle, a ladle deeper than any spoon and with a far more vertical handle, intended for use in cooking (such as stirring) and scooping up and serving of soups and similar meals.  
• gwarkablê, gwarkabîl - pron. gwar-cub-lé, gwar-ka-beel - "stirring spoon" (sg.), "stirring spoons" (pl.) - gwar-, "(to) stir", "(to) whirl" (P-AdW), kablê, "spoon" (P-AdW), kabîl, "spoons" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "stir-spoon", "stirring-spoon".
• multalab, multalîb (Ad.), multalb, multîlb (W.), multîlat - pron. mul-talab, mul-taleeb (Ad.), mul-talb, mul-teelb (W.), mul-teal-at - "mortar (bowl)" (sg.), "mortar(bowl)s" (pl.), "a pair of mortar (bowl)s" (dl.) - mul-, "to grind", "to fine-grind", "to pulverize" (Q.), mul-, "to grind", "to fine-grind", "to pulverize" (PE), talab, talb, "bowl" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya word root for "grinding", "fine-grinding", "pulverizing" (reconstructed from an archaic elvish root of the same meaning) and from a newly-introduced P-AdW term. Literally "grinding-bowl", "grind-bowl". A mortar and pestle would be multal(a)b ka mulpâlang.
• mulpâlang, mulpâlangî, mulpâlangat - pron. mul-paa-lung, mul-paa-lung-ee (Ad.), mul-paa-lung-at - "pestle" (sg.), "pestles" (pl.), "a pair of pestles" (dl.) - mul-, "to grind", "to fine-grind", "to pulverize" (Q.), mul-, "to grind", "to fine-grind", "to pulverize" (PE), pâlang, "hammer" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya word root for "grinding", "fine-grinding", "pulverizing" (reconstructed from an archaic elvish root of the same meaning) and from a newly-introduced P-AdW term. Literally "grinding-hammer", "grind-hammer", comparing the pestle to a sort of hammer-like implement. A mortar and pestle would be multal(a)b ka mulpâlang.
• mêksu(mûs)pâlang, mêksu(mûs)pâlangî, mêksu(mûs)pâlangat - pron. mék-su-(moose)-paa-lung, mék-su-(moose)-paa-lung-ee, mék-su-(moose)-paa-lung-at - "meat tenderizer" (sg.), "meat tenderizers" (pl.), "a pair of meat tenderizers" (dl.) - mêksu-, "meat-", obj. c. (P-AdW), mûs-, "soft-", "soften-", obj. c. (P-AdW), pâlang, "hammer" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "meat-hammer", "meat-mallet", "meat-softening-hammer", "meat-softening-mallet". 
• palde, paldi - pron. pal-de, pal-di - "plate" (sg.), "plates" (pl.) - palda, "plate" (Q. reconst.) - Derived from the aforementioned reconstructed Quenya term. Any eating plate or serving plate, whether wooden, ceramic or metal. (A fan contribution by "Valerie", the Vinyë Lambengolmor discussion group, 2024, based on the Quenya-elvish word root pal-.)
• tamêb, tambî, - pron. tam-éb, tam-bee - "cauldron" (sg.), "cauldrons" (pl.) - tambin, "cauldron" (Q.), tammos, "cauldron" (S.), tambin, "cauldron" (EvQ), tambos, "cauldron" (G.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya, Sindarin, early Quenya and Gnomish terms. These are general terms for a cauldron or large kettle.  

Cooking ingredients

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• dâirazar, dâirazîr - pron. die-ra-zar, die-ra-zeer - "potato", "tater" (sg.), "potatoes", "taters" (pl.) - dâira, "earth", "soil" (Ad.), razar, "small apple" (W.) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and a canon Westron term. Literally "earth-apple", "earthen apple", terms similar to some real historical terms for potatoes which became commonplace in many real world languages.
• dâirumaza, dâirumazi - pron. die-ru-ma-za/muz-uh, die-ru-muz-eer - "earth-bread" (sg.), "earth-breads" (pl.) - dâira, "earth", "soil" (Ad.), maza, "bread" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and from a newly-introduced P-AdW term. Literally "earth-bread". An edible root plant, one that occured in northwestern Middle-earth, where it was e.g. collected, stored as supplies and prepared by the Petty-dwarves of the First Age. Based on its description, these plants are apparently not potatoes, but a certain kind of beet or similar edible root. The plant might be based on a real plant, but it could equally be fictional. In any case, it falls under kulub, root vegetable.  
• galab, kharagalab (Ad.), galap, haragalap (W.) - pron. gull-ub, kha-ra-gull-ub, gull-up, ha-ra-gull-up - "wild game", "game", "(hunted) animals" - khara, hara, "wild" (P-AdW), galap, "game", "wild game" (W.) gala-, "of wild game" (W.), Galabas, "Gamwich" (W.), Galbasi, "Gammidge", "Gamgee", "of Gamwich" (W.) - A canon Westron term (galap) and the newly-introduced P-AdW terms that derive from it (galab, kharagalab and haragalap). Also note the related terms and names in canon Westron.  
• glîs, glîsi - pron. glees, glee-si- - "honey" (sg.), "honey(s)" (pl.) - glí, "honey" (N.), lís, "honey" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned terms, word roots from Noldorin (the Noldor dialect) and Quenya. The form glîz- is used mainly in single-word terms with the word root "honey-", which aren't connected with a hyphen.  
• karkulub, karaskulub, karkulbi, karaskulbi - pron. kar(as)kulub, kar(as)kulbi - "carrot" (sg.), "carrots" (pl.) - karas(a), "red" (P-AdW), kulub, "edible root" (Ad.) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW term and a canon Adunaic term. Literally "red edible root", "red root vegetable".
  
• kulub, kulba, kulbî - pron. kul-ub, kul-ba, kul-bee - "root vegetable" (common gen.), "edible root" (sg.), "edible roots" (pl.) - kulub, "edible root", "root vegetable" (Ad.) - Kánonický adunajský výraz. Tvar v podmetovom páde je kulban (jednotné číslo).
• mêkse, mêksi - pron. mék-se, mék-si - "meat" (sg.), "meats" (pl.) - maxe, "meat" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. Variations of the term include lîngla mêkse, "fish meat", sakalungla mêkse, "crab meat", porokla mêkse, "poultry (meat)", "chicken (meat"), kurûrla mêkse, "pigeon meat", terporokla mêkse, "grouse (meat)", kawôwla mêkse (Ad.), kavôvla mêkse (W.), "duck (meat)", "duck", mâvla mêkse, "lamb (meat)", "lamb", rasmâvla mêkse, "ram (meat)", "mutton", pôlgla mêkse, pôlgumêkse, "pork", "pig meat", yakhala mêkse, yakhumêkse, "beef", "veal", "cow meat", galabla/galapla mêkse or galab-mêkse/galap-mêkse, "venison", "wild game meat". The "salted pork" mentioned by Tolkien would be sinkân pôlgumêkse.  
• orêv, orê - pron. o-rév, o-ré - "grain" - orë, "grain" (Q.), ore, "grain" (EvQ) - Derived from the aforementioned term from Quenya and term from Qenya (an early version of Quenya).   
• oriwa, oriw (sg. Ad.), oriwi (pl. Ad.), oriva, oriv (sg. W.), orivi (pl. W.) - pron. o-riv-a, o-riv, o-ri-i - "hrach" (sg.), "peas" (pl.) - orivaine, "pea" (EvQ) - Derived from a term from an early version of Quenya (Qenya). The form in the subjective case is orwan, orvan.  
• labriwa, labriw (sg. Ad.), labriwi (pl. Ad.), labriva, labriv (sg. W.), labrivi (pl. W.) - pron. lub-riva, lub-riv, lub-rivi - "bean" (sg.), "beans" (pl.) - laban, "sack", "bag" (W.), oriwa, "pea" (P-AdW-Ad.), oriva, "pea" (P-AdW-W.) - Derived from a canon Westron term and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "sack-pea", a legume in the shape of a bag or sack. The form in the subjective case is labruwan, labruvan. Because central American and South American species of bean do not exist in Middle-earth, the most significant species of fabaceae legume is the broad-bean (vicia faba a.k.a. faba vulgaris), in Tolkien's native English broad-bean (for cooking) and field bean, horse bean (smaller beans, used mainly for animal feed), and thus in P-AdW âigla labriw/labriv (lit. "broad bean") and karabla labriw/labriv (lit. "horse bean", which is also similar to an older Czech name for the field-bean, bob koňský).    
• polu, pôl, pôli - pron. po-lu, pool (-oo- as in "door"), poo-li (-oo- as in "door") - "oats" (sg.), "oats" (pl.) - pole, "oats" (EvQ) - Derived from a term from an early version of Quenya (Qenya). The form in the subjective case is polô, pôla.  
• sinkê (Ad.), sink (W.), sinkî (pl.) - pron. sink-é (Ad.), sink (W.), sink-ee (pl.) - "salt" (sg.), "salts" (pl.) - singë, "salt" (Q.), singwa, "salty", adj. (Q.), sing, "salt" (S.), singren, "salty", adj. (S. reconst.), siñgi, "salt" (primitive elvish) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms, Sindarin terms and a term from an early form of elvish (primitive elvish). Food (or water) with a salty flavour would be sinkla or sinkal, "salty", "salty-tasting", while food preserved through salting would be sinkân, "salted" (passive connotation, e.g. sinkân mêkse, "salted meat").    
• tuyûre, tuyûri (Ad.), tyûre, tyûri (W.) - pron. tu-yoo-re, tu-yoo-ri (Ad.), t-yoo-re, t-yoo-ri (W.) - "cheese" (sg.), "cheeses" (pl.) - tyur, "cheese" (Q.), tyurmë, "cheese" (Q.), cûr, "cheese" (S.), kyur, "(milk) curd", "curd cheese", word root (primitive elvish) - Derived from the aforementioned term (a word root) from early, primitive forms of elvish, and from the aforementioned Quenya and Sindarin terms. 
• vâinukul, niyukul, vâinukulbî, niyukulbî - pron. wine-u-cull, niy-u-cull, wine-u-cull-bee, niy-u-cull-bee - "onion" (sg.), "onions" (pl.) - vâinu-, "sheath-", obj. c. (P-AdW), niyu-, "tear(drop)", obj. c. (P-AdW), kulba, "edible root", "root vegetable" (Ad.), kulbî, "edible roots", "root vegetables" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and from a canon Adunaic term. Literally "sheathed-root vegetable", "sheathed-root vegetables" or "tear(-inducing)-root vegetable", "tear(-incuding)-root vegetables". To compare with other fictional languages of Arda, a similar term would be the reconstructed Quenya neologism linvainëa, lit. "many-sheathed".
• tûrgudiyêv-vâinukul, tûrgudiyêv-vâinukulbî - pron. toorg-u-di-yév-wine-u-cull, toorg-u-di-yév-wine-u-cull-bee - "garlic" (sg.), "garlic(s)" (pl.) - tûrg-, "strong-", "strong" (P-AdW), diyêv, "taste", "flavour" (P-AdW), vâinukul, "onion" (P-AdW), vâinukulbî, "onions" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "strong-tasting onion". The term is used mainly for the domesticated form of garlic, grown in a garaw, garav (garden). However, there are also other variations, e.g. urugla vâinukul (lit. "bear onion") is the P-AdW name for the wild-growing "wild garlic" (allium ursinium), colloquially also "bear's garlic", "bear leek", "ramsoms". 
• vanukaraz (Ad.), vanukarz (W.), vanukarîz - pron. va-nu-ka-raz (Ad.), va-nu-karz (W.), va-nu-ka-reez - "cabbage" (sg.), "cabbages" (pl.) - vanu-, "veil-", obj. c. (P-AdW), karaz, "head" (P-AdW), karz, "head" (P-AdW), karîz, "heads" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "veil-head", referring to the cabbage leaves enveloping the central head of the cabbage. Green cabbage would be layaga vanukaraz in P-AdW Adunaic and layaga vanukarz in P-AdW Westron.  
• yavê, yavî - pron. ya-vé, ya-vee - "fruit", "piece of fruit" (sg.),  "fruits", "pieces of fruit" (pl.) - yávë, yáva, "fruit" (Q.), yáve, "fruit" (RvQ) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and from terms in an early version of Quenya (known as Qenya).   
• zilib, zilîb - pron. zi-lib, zi-leeb - "butter" (sg.), "butters" (pl.) - zilib, "butter" (W.) - A canon Westron term. The plural is a newly-introduced term. 

As already noted in the Agricultural crops section of the Flora, plants and fungi article, outside of the exceptions of potatoes and tobacco, established and explained by Tolkien himself, there are no known equivalents of New World crops anywhere in Middle-earth (which only has Old World crops, as well as a few additional fictional plant species). Thus, it's not really possible for the people in the Westlands or other parts of Middle-earth to grow, prepare and eat tomatoes, maize, sunflowers, or squash, pumpkins, gourds and other genus cucurbita crops, or pineapples, and the like. 

Laurel trees and olive trees are among the flora of the more southern regions in Gondor and parts of Harad, with the Mediterranean-style climate of these areas. This would make the use of olive oil in Gondorian and Harad cooking and cuisine a possibility. Otherwise, most of the cooking and frying elsewhere in the Westlands seems to use only butter or fat. There are no known examples of anyone using non-olive oil for cooking, so analogues of rapeseed oil are unlikely, and analogues of sunflower oil are impossible due to the New World origin of sunflowers. People in Arnor (and thus in also in the Bree-land and the Shire), the various Northmen countries and peoples (Beornings, Bardings, Woodmen, etc.), the Dunlendings, the Rohirrim, the various dwarven peoples and states, no doubt even many of the Easterlings, would all use butter, lard or fat for frying or other cooking purposes. 

Gondorians, even the Rangers of Gondor as defensive troops at their camps in the wilderness and borderlands, were noted as using trays, bowls and plates carved from laurel wood, besides ceramic and metal eating and cooking utensils.

Types of dishes

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• mazêta, mazêti - pron. ma-zé-ta, ma-zé-ti - "cake", "sweeter pastry" (sg.), "cakes", "sweeter cakes" (pl.) - masta, "cake", "sweeter pastry" (Q.), maza, "bread" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term.
• yavumazêta, yavumazêti - pron. ya-vu-ma-zé-ta, ya-vu-ma-zé-ti - "tart" (a pie without a covering crust, tart), "fruit pie" (sg.), "tarts" (without a covering crust), "fruit pies" (pl.) - yavu-, "fruit-", obj. c. (P-AdW), mazêta, "pie", "sweeter pastry" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "fruit-pie", a direct Middle-earth equivalent of a tart (a British style tart pastry) or of a similar open-topped fruit pie, without an upper covering layer. 
• zûlba - pron. zool-ba, zool-buh - "soup" - sulpa, "soup" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. Variations of the term include lîngal zûlba, "fish soup", orival zûlba, "pea soup", labrival zûlba, "bean soup", "broad-bean soup", vâinukulal zûlba, "onion soup", tûrgudiyêv-vâinukulal zûlba, "garlic soup", vanukarzal zûlba, "cabbage soup", karkulubal zûlba, "carrot soup", yakhala zûlba, yakhuzûlba, "beef soup", dâirazarla zûlba, "potato soup". 

(C) Matěj Čadil - Lembas

(C) Alan Lee - Lembas

(C) Kathleen 'Kay' Woollard - Heatherale and cram - Dwarves pause on a journey

Pastries, staple foods and foods of wayfarers

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• bâtumaza, bâtumazi - pron. baa-tu-maza/muz-uh, baa-tu-ma-zi - "way-bread" (sg.), "way-breads" (pl.) - bâtu-, "road-", "way-" (Ad./P-AdW), maza, "bread" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic and P-AdW word root for "road", "way" (bâtu-, from bâtan, "road") and from a newly-introduced P-AdW term for "bread".   
• edrumazêta, edrumazêti - pron. ed-ru-ma-zét-uh, ed-ru-ma-zét-i - "seed cake" (e.g. a caraway seed cake) (sg.), "seed cakes" (caraway seed cakes, etc.) (pl.) - edru-, "seed-", obj. c. (P-AdW.), mazêta, "cake", "pie" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. The direct equivalent of real seed cakes, most commonly the caraway seed cake. Tolkien makes several mentions about such a cake (most probably with carraway seeds) being one of Bilbo's favourite meals, and besides that, also directly mentions their serving in the first chapter of The Hobbit.    
• glîs-mazêta, glîsumazêta, glîzmazêta, glîs-mazêti , glîsumazêti, glîzmazêti  - pron. glees-ma-zé-ta, glees-u-ma-zé-ta, gleez-ma-zé-ta, glees-ma-zé-ti, glees-u-ma-zé-ti, gleez-ma-zé-ti - "honey-cake", "honey cake/cram" (sg.), "honey-cakes", "honey cakes/crams" (pl.) - glís, "honey" (P-AdW), glísu-, "honey-", glíz-, "honey-", obj. c. (P-AdW), mazêta, "cake", "sweeter pastry" (P-AdW), masta, "cake", "sweeter pastry" (Q.), maza, "bread" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Honey-cakes or honey breads/cakes of the Beornings would be referred to as Urugunila glîs-mazêta (glîsumazêta, glîzmazêta) or as glîs-mazêta (glîsumazêta, glîzmazêta) an-Urugunil. 
• karam, karami - porn. ka-rum, ka-rum-i - "cram" (sg.) "loaves/pieces of cram" (pl.) - cram, "cram", "pressed cake" (S.), craim, "cram", "pressed cakes" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Sindarin terms. These elvish terms for this type of pastry or food seem also occur in Tolkien's canon Westron, seemingly directly borrowed from Sindarin. As depicted in various Third Age stories, cram seems to be part pressed cake, part flat-bread, sometimes part pastry with pemicam. Cram usually includes honey and milk aside from flour and meal, and also chunks of other ingredients, such as dried berries or fruits, dried pieces of meat (the aforementioned pemicam-like nature) and similar additions. It is not as nutritional a "way-bread" as the specially made elvish lembas.
• maza, mazi - pron. maza/muz-uh, muz-i - "bread" (sg.), "breads" (pl.) - massa, "bread" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
• nimrumaza, (nimral) bâtumaza - pron. nim-ru-ma-za/nim-ru-muz-uh, (nim-ral) baa-tu-ma-za/baa-tu-muz-uh - "lembas", "(elven) way-bread" - nimru-, "elf-", "elven-", obj. c. (P-AdW), maza, "bread" (P-AdW), nimral, "elven" (P-AdW), bâtumaza, "way-bread" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "elf-bread", "elven bread" or "(elven) way-bread".
• zilbimazêta, zilbimazêti - pron. zil-bi-ma-zét-uh, zil-bi-ma-zét-i - "butter scone" (sg.), "butter scones" (pl.) - zilbi-, "butter-", obj. c. (W.), mazêta, "cake", "pie" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Westron term and from a newly-introduced P-AdW terms. The direct equivalent of real world butter scones, served during lunch or afternoon tea-time. Tolkien directly mentions their serving in the first chapter of The Hobbit, so at the very least the hobbits knew the recipe for such pastries, cakes.   

(C) Alan Lee - The Inn at Bree

(C) John Howe - Miruvor

Drinks

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• dulguhîm - pron. dul-gu-heem - "porter" (a type of very dark-coloured beer) - dulgu-, "black-", "dark-", obj. c. (Ad./P-AdW), hîm, hîma, "ale", "beer" (W.) - Derived from a canon Adunaic (and P-AdW) term and from a canon Westron term. A term for a specific subtype of ale, beer, a very dark-coloured kind of beer, known in the real world as porter, a type of well-hopped beer invented in England in the early 18th century. Tolkien makes only rare mentions of porter, most significantly during the hospitality for the dwarves in the first chapter of The Hobbit, and mentions it under its real world name, alongside typical ale and non-alcoholic drinks. 
• glîs-sûge, glîsusûge, glîzmêre - pron. glees-soog-eh, gleesu-soog-eh, gleez-mér-eh - "mead" - glís, "honey" (P-AdW), glísu-, "honey-", glíz-, "honey-", obj. c. (P-AdW), sûge, "drink", "beverage" (P-AdW), mêre, "wine" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "honey-drink" and "honey-wine". 
• hîm, hîma - pron. heem, heem-uh - "ale", "beer" - hîm, hîma, "ale", "beer" (W.) - A canon Westron term. Canon Hobbitish Westron had the expression bralda hîm, "heady ale". The hobbits also used it as a geographic pun for the Baranduin river at the eastern borders of the Shire, the name of the river in canon Westron, including the Hobbitish dialect, being Brandanîn ("boundary-water"). 
• kêutukula sûge, kêutukula sûgi - pron. kéu-tu-kula sooga, kéu-tu-kula soogi - "chicory", "chicory coffee" (sg.), "chicories", "chicory coffees" (pl.) - kêutukul iluyinzila, "chicory", plant (P-AdW), sûge, "drink", "beverages" (P-AdW), sûgi, "drinks", "beverages" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a newly-introduced P-AdW terms, including a term inspired by a canon Adunaic term. The literal translation of the entire P-AdW name would be "refresh-root blue-flowered" (or "blue-flowered refresh-root"), which is a rather apt description of chicory and the possible herbal/medicial and culinary use of its dried and ground-up root for preparing chicory, chicory coffee. It is highly probable most of the so-called "coffee" that Tolkien describes in the cuisine of the hobbits (e.g. in Bilbo's household) has nothing in common with coffee beans from the distant south, but is instead a hobbit home recipe for chicory coffee (which has a similar dark colouration as actual, real coffee).  
• lâugumêre, ûrlamêre - pron. laau-gu-mé-re, oor-la-mé-re - "miruvor" - lâugla, lâugal, "warm" (P-AdW), ûrla, "hot", "warming" (P-AdW), mêre, "wine" (P-AdW), miruvor, "miruvor", recipe from Imladris, Rivendell, "elvish mead", "elvish mulled wine/cordial" (S.), miru, "wine" (Q.), mirúve, "winy", "like wine" (Q.), miruvórë, "miruvor", the original recipe in Valinor (Q.), mirubhōze, "miruvor", the original recipe in Valinor (V.) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and inspired by Sindarin, Quenya and Valarin terms. Literally "warm-wine", "warming-wine", "heating-wine". The plural is formed in the same manner as in the word "wine" (see below). 
• mêre, merîr - pron. mé-re, me-reer/rear - "wine" (sg.), "wines" (pl.) - miru, "wine" (Q.), mirúve, "winy", "like wine" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms. The wine plant, vine, vines, is called mêrteran ("wine-woody-plant", "wine-shrub", "wine-tree"), but the term mêre can also be used as a more figurative, more poetic name for vine, vines. 
• sûge, sûgi - pron. soog-eh, soo-gi - "drink", "beverage" (sg.), "drinks", "beverages" (pl.) - sûga, "(to) drink" (P-AdW), "to provide refreshment", "renew" (Q.) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW term, a verb inspired by a Quenya term.
• (sûgla) nîn, (sûgal) nîn - pron. (soog-luh, soog-ul) neen - "(drinking) water", "water (for drinking)" - sûga, "(to) drink" (P-AdW),  sûgla,  sûgal, "drinkable", "for drinking" (P-AdW),  nîn, "water" (P-AdW) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW terms. 
• ûrkulsûge, ûrkulsûgi - pron. oor-kul-soog-eh, oor-kul-soog-i - "(ground-up) root tea" (sg.), "(ground-up) root teas" (pl.) - ûrla, "hot" (P-AdW), kul-, "root-", obj. c. (P-AdW), sûge, "drink", "beverage", sûgi, "nápoje", "beverages" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "hot root drink", "hot root drinks". Only the teas made with ground-up edible roots of various herbs and plants with medicinal or nutritional properties. A term related to the use of dried and ground-up chicory root as a coffee substitute, in the form of chicory. 
• ûryavusûge, ûryavusûgi - pron. oor-ya-wu-soog-eh, oor-ya-wu-soog-i - "fruit tea" (sg.), "fruit teas" (pl.) - ûrla, "hot" (P-AdW), yavu-, "fruit-", obj. c. (P-AdW), sûge, "drink", "beverage", sûgi, "nápoje", "beverages" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "hot fruit drink", "hot fruit drinks". Only for teas made with fruit, including berries. 
• yavusâw, yavusîw (Ad.), yavusâv, yavusîv (W.) - pron. ya-wu-saav, ya-vu-sieve - "fruit juice" (sg.), "fruit juices" (pl.) - yavu-, "fruit-", obj. c. (P-AdW), sâw, "juice", sîw, "juices" (P-AdW-Ad.), sâv, "juice", sîv, "juices" (P-AdW-W.) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "fruit juice", "fruit juices".
• yavusûge, yavusûgi - pron. ya-wu-soog-eh, ya-wu-soog-i - "fruit drink" (sg.), "fruit drinks" (pl.) - yavu-, "fruit-", obj. c. (P-AdW), sûge, "drink", sûgi, "drinks" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "fruit drink", "fruit drinks".

(C) Matěj Čadil - Frodo's Farewell Feast

Dining

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES 
  
• pâkalra, pâimkalra - pron. paa-cull-ra, pie-m-cull-ra - "to east with fingers", "to east with hands" - pâ, "hand" (Ad.), pâim, "fingers" (P-AdW), kala, "to eat"(P-AdW) - Článok je o podstatných menách, ale uvediem aj pár príkladov slovies.
• sûga - pron. soog-uh/soog-a - "to drink" - sûga, "(to) drink" (P-AdW), "to provide refreshment", "renew" (Q.) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW term, a verb inspired by a Quenya term.
• akar, akîr, akrat - pron. akar, akeer, akrat - "knife" (sg.), "knives" (pl.), "a pair of knives" (dl.) - karan, "rozseknúť", "rozčesnúť", "(pre)rezať" (W./P-AdW), zagar, "sword" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term and from a canon Adunaic term.   
• karkê, garkê, karkîr, garkîr (Ad.) karkê, garkê, karkîr, garkîr, carcê, carcîr (W.) - pron. car-ké, gar-ké, car-keer, ga - "fork" (sg.), "forks" (pl.) - kark, "tooth" (P-AdW-Ad./W.), carc, "tooth" (P-AdW-W.), gar, "thrusting point", "spearhead", "prong" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. The two-pronged fork, used mainly for cooking (especially the larger examples), but also for eating/dining (especially the smaller, table fork examples), would be sattukarkê, sattugarkê or sattucarcê, i.e. "two-pronged fork", "fork with two teeth". Similarly, a three-pronged fork would be nîldukarkê, nîldugarkê or nîlducarcê, and a four-pronged fork would be tharukarkê, tharugarkê or tharucarcê. Both types would be most likely used only for eating, for dining, as table forks. 
• harav, harîv - pron. harav, harív - "seat", "chair" (sg.), "seats", "chairs" (pl.) - hanwa, "seat","chair" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. 
• tharnaz (Ad.), tharnz (W.), tharnîz - pron. farnaz (Ad.), farnz (W.), farneez - "table" (sg.), "tables" (pl.) - tharan, "four" (W.), sarno, "table" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Westron term and Quenya term. 

When Bilbo welcomed and hosted an unexpected visit by Gandalf and the dwarves of Thorin's Company, the meals and drinks served included edrumazêti (seed cake, caraway seed cake), târkli vâinukulbî (pickled onions, pickles), razarla yavumazêta (apple tart), zilbimazêti (butter scones), karasla mêre (red wine), hîm (ale), dulguhîm (porter, a very dark-coloured beer), ûryavusûge alebo ûrkulsûge (tea, either fruit tea or tea made from dried and ground-up edible roots), kêutukula sûge (coffee, and given the context of the region, it is most probably ground-up chichory-root coffee, i.e. chicory, as we note in this article).

Among the meals that were offered to the four hobbits for dinner/supper at The Prancing Pony Inn in Bree, were ûrla zûlba (hot soup), rîngla mêksi (cooked meats, served cold, cold meats), korni an cêrla maza (new/fresh loaves of bread), banê an mâirinla tyûre (a half of ripe cheese), pêukla yavumazêta (a blackberry tart). Sam's initial worries and misgivings about the new environment he had not visited before were calmed by the good quality of the local hîm, i.e. ale.

----


Related articles

Slovak language version of this article

New additions - Nouns - Flora, plants and fungi

New additions - Nouns - Fauna, animals, wildlife

New additions - Nouns - Inorganic nature and geology

New additions - Nouns - Culture and society

----

External links

Eldamo.org:
aiwë (Q.), alph (S.), alqua (Q.), annabon (S.), aras (S.), azra (Ad.), ban(a)- (W.), cab- (S.) cabor (S.), cirincë (Q.), dâira (Ad.), fanto (Q.), filit (Q.), fion, fiondi (Q.), gamba (W.), haldad (EdL/Tal.), haro (EvQ), hravan (Q.), huzun (Ad.), hyalma (Q.), ingwilin (Q.), karab (Ad.), kawak (raná elfčina), kelvar (Q.), khô, khôi (Ad.), kûd (W.), leweg (Q.), leuca (Q.), lingwe (Q.), malo (Q.), míruvoáma (Q.), meoi (Q.), mîk (Ad.), mîth (Ad.), miy- (Ad.), míruvorë (Q.), miruvor (S.), mûmak (W.), mundo (Q.), narak, narîka (Ad.), narmo (Q.), noldare, nolpa (Q.), quácë (Q.), raba (Ad.), ras (W./S.), rasillo (Q.), rossë (Q.), ribadyan (W.), rusco (Q.), suk- (Q.), yávë (Q.), zilib (W.)

Elfdict.com:
aiwë (Q.), alph (S.), alqua (Q.), annabon (S.), aras (S.), azra (Ad.), ban(a)- (W.), budhulug (S.) cab- (S.), cabor (S.), cap- (Q.), cirincë (Q.), cucua (Q.), dâira (Ad.), fanto (Q.), filit (Q.), fion, fiondi (Q.), gamba (W.), haldad (EdL/Tal.), haro (EvQ), hó (Q.), hravan (Q.), hyalma (Q.), ingwilin (EvQ), karab (Ad.), kawak (raná elfčina), kelvar (Q.), khô, khôi (Ad.), kûd (W.), leweg (S.), leuca (Q.), lingwe (Q.), lingwileuca (Q.), malo (Q.), máma (Q.), mëoi (Q.), mîk (Ad.), mth (Ad.), miy- (Ad.), míruvorë (Q.), suc- (Q.), yávë (Q.), zilib (Z.) 

Tolkien Gateway:

 placeholder, cram, earth-bread, honey-cake, lembas, miruvor, placeholder, placeholder, placeholder

Food of the Shire (English-language blog on foods and meals in the culinary tradition of the hobbits)

What were the honey-cakes of the Beornings ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)