P-AdW: Rozvíjanie Tolkienovej adunajčiny a západčiny: New additions - Nouns

New vocabulary of P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron nouns related to the topic of culture and society.

This article is largelly complete in terms of its contents and its current state.

Terms of address

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
aglarnaru, aglarnarî, aglaruzîr - pron. aglarnaru, aglarnaree, aglaruzeer - "sir", "esteemed sir", "esteemend gentlemen", "mister" - aglar, "glory", naru, "man", narî, "men", uzîr, "friends" - The literal meaning is "glorious sir" in the singular number and "glorious gentlemen" or "glorious friends" in the plural number. "Glorious" should be understood here in the figurative sense, such as our "esteemed", i.e. honourable, worthy of respect, of glory. It is used either through a generic term or through one of the more specific terms, depending on the type of being that the addressed person belongs to.
aglarzini, aglarzinî, aglaruzîr - pron. - aglarzini, aglarzinee, aglaruzeer - "madam", "esteemed lady", "esteemed ladies" - aglar, "glory", zini, "woman", zinî, "women", uzîr, "friends" - The literal meaning is "glorious lady" in the singular number and "glorious ladies" or "glorious friends" in the plural number. "Glorious" should be understood here in the figurative sense, such as our "esteemed", i.e. honourable, worthy of respect, of glory. It is used either through a generic term or through one of the more specific terms, depending on the type of being that the addressed person belongs to.

Additional notes for terms of address aimed at men:

Under usual circumstances, we say aglarnaru Bilba ("Mr./sir Bilbo"), aglarnaru Éomer ("Mr./sir Éomer"), aglarnaru Bard ("Mr./sir Bard"), aglarnaru Faramir ("Mr./sir Faramir"), aglarnaru Elrond ("Mr./sir Elrond"), aglarnaru Celeborn ("Mr./sir Celeborn"), aglarnaru Thorin ("Mr./sir Thorin").
However, if we want to be dilligent concerning the species to which these individual men belong, we should use the more specific terms of address, such as aglarnaru Bilba ("esteemed Mannish gentleman Bilbo", since hobbits are counted among Men, i.e. humans), aglarnaru Éomer ("esteemed Mannish gentleman Éomer"), aglarnaru Bard ("esteemed Mannish gentleman Bard"), aglarnaru Faramir ("esteemed Mannish gentleman Faramir"), but aglarnimrô Elrond ("esteemed elven gentleman Elrond"), aglarnimrô Celeborn ("esteemed elven gentleman Celeborn"), aglarnargô Thorin ("esteemed dwarven gentleman Thorin").

Additional notes for terms of address aimed at women:

Under usual circumstances, we say aglarzini Belladona ("Mrs./madam/lady Belladona"), aglarzini Éowyn ("Ms/Mrs./madam/lady Éowyn"), aglarzini Ioreth ("Ms/Mrs./madam/lady Ioreth"), aglarzini Arwen ("Ms/Mrs./madam/lady Arwen"), aglarzini Galadriel ("Mrs./madam/lady Galadriel"), aglarzini Dîs ("Mrs./madam/lady Dís").
However, if we want to be dilligent concerning the species to which these individual women belong, we should use the more specific terms of address, such as aglaranî Belladona ("esteemed Mannish lady Belladona", since hobbits are counted among Men, i.e. humans), aglaranî Éowyn ("esteemed Mannish lady Éowyn"), aglaranî Ioreth ("esteemed Mannish lady Ioreth"), but aglarnimrî Arwen ("esteemed elven lady Arwen"), aglarnimrî Galadriel ("esteemed elven lady Galadriel"), aglarnargî Dîs ("esteemed dwarven lady Dís").

Pochopiteľne, mená niektorých týchto mužských a ženských postáv z Tolkienovho sveta (s výnimkou tých elfských) by asi zneli trošku inak v adunajčine a západčine. Théoden, Éomer, Éowyn sú všetko preklady fiktívnych rohanských mien menami v reálnej anglosaštine, či už historickými termínmi, alebo Tolkienom vynájdenými. Mená Thorina a jeho sestry Dís v trpaslíčine - teda ich skutočné mená - nepoznáme, pretože takmer všetky trpasličie mená sú "vonkajšie" verzie ich mien, v ľudských jazykoch, prevažne zo severu Stredozeme. Preto znejú kvázi-škandinávsky a sú konzistentné s menami Tolkienových ľudských Severanov, vrátane ľudí od Údolu, Dlhého jazera, či Beornovho tajomného ľudu. Faramir, Arwen, Elrond a Galadriel sú všetko mená v elfských jazykoch, takže je možné, že by ich v adunajčine alebo západčine vyslovili rovnako alebo len s minimálnymi rozdielmi. V článku o novotvaroch osobných mien a epitet si môžete o tejto téme prečítať viac. E. g., in Westron, the name "Beorn" would likely sound Urugen (od urug, kánonického výrazu pre "medveď"). V západčine by sme preto Tolkienovho slávneho "kožomeňca" pravdepodobne oslovovali aglarnaru Urugen, teda "ctený pán Beorn" (doslovnejšie "slávny pán Beorn"). Hobiti, kožomeňci ako Beorn, i Drúadančania sa všetci počítajú medzi ľudí, takže pri nich stačí oslovenie aglarnaru (pre mužov) a aglarzini (pre ženy).

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Names

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
ezê - pron. ez-eh - "name" - essë, "name" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
placeholder - pron. placeholder - "byname", "second name" - placeholder, "placeholder", (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.

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People

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
kadar-lâi - pron. kadar-lie (lie as in "lie") - "city folk", "townsmen", "city inhabitants" - kadar, "city" (Ad.), -lâi, "folk", "people", "inhabitants" (Ad.) - Canon Adunaic term directly from Tolkien's notes and writings on Adunaic.
kadaranû, kadarnaru - pron. kadaranoo, kadarnaru - "townsman", "city man" - kadar, "city" (Ad.), anû, "male", "a being of masculine gender" (Ad.), naru, "man" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms.
kadaranî, kadarzini - pron. kadaraní, kadarzini - "townswoman", "city woman" - kadar, "city" (Ad.), anî, "woman", "a being of feminine gender" (Ad.), zini, "woman" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms.
rân-lâi - pron. raan-lie (lie as in "lie") - "villagers", "village folk", "rural folk" - rân, "village" (W.), -lâi, "folk", "people", "inhabitants" (Ad.) - Derived by analogy from the canon Adunaic term kadar-lâi ("city-folk", "townsmen"), with the aforementioned canon Westron and canon Adunaic terms.
rânanû, rânaru - pron. raananoo (-oo- as in "room"), raanaru - "villager", "village man" - rân, "dedina", anû, "male", "a being of masculine gender", naru, "man" - Derived from the aforementioned canon Westron terms and canon Adunaic terms.
rânanî, rânzini - pron. ránanee, ránzini - "female villlager", "village woman" - rân, "village", anî, "female", "a being of feminine gender", zini, "woman" - Derived from the aforementioned canon Westron terms and canon Adunaic terms.
zaranû, zaranaru - pron. zaranú, zaranaru - "old man", "elder" - zara, "old" (W.), anû, "male", "a being of masculine gender" (Ad.), naru, "man" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Westron terms and canon Adunaic terms. It can also be used as a general term for "old man", "geezer", as well as the honorific term "elder".

If you are interested in newly-introduced terms for settlements and settled places, housing and furniture, please see this article.

If you are interested in newly-introduced terms for the names of nationalities, please see this article.

If you are interested in newly-introduced terms for the personal names of characters and various epithets (nicknames, bynames), please see this article.

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Clothing, footwear and apparel

Please see this separate article on newly-introduced terms for clothing, footwear and apparel.

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Food, food preparation, the kitchen and cuisine

Please see this separate article on newly-introduced terms for food, food preparation, the kitchen and cuisine.

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Writing, scribe work, written records

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
bêth, bêthi - pron. béth, béthi - "word", "expression", "expression", "saying" (sg.), "words", "terms", "expressions", "sayings" (pl.) - - Derived from the canon Adunaic term.
kîrut, kîruti (Ad.), cîrt, cîrti (W.) - pron. keeroot (roughly "key-root"), kíruti ("key-root-ee"), keert, keerti - "letter", "letters" - - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and Sindarin terms.
kirtêth, kirtêthi (Ad.), cirtêth, cirtêthi - pron. kirtéf, kirtéfi - "writing script", "writing scripts" - - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and Sindarin terms.
barâm, barîm - pron. baraam, bareem - "book", "books" - parma, "book", "bound work", "book/literary work" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
kên - pron. kén - "story", "tale", "history" - quenta, "story", quentale, "history", "annal" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
bith-kên - pron. bith-kén - "telling", "storytelling", "oral history" - bith, "to say", "to speak" (Ad.), kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) -
abankên - pron. abankén - "history", "historical events" - aban, "world" (P-AdW), kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "world-story", "story of the world".
zarkên - pron. zarkén - "myth", "old legend", "lay" - zara, "old" (W.), kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Westron term and the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term. Literally "an ancient story", "an ancient tale".
abanirêth - pron. abaniréth - "geography" - aban, "world" (P-AdW), irêth, "description" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "world-description", "description of the world".
abanskêl, abanskîl - pron. abanskél, abanskeel - "map", "maps" - aban, "world" (P-AdW), skêl, "skin" (processed), "parchment" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "world-parchment", "world-skin".

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Respite and entertainment

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
dyal - pron. dyal - "game" - tyalië, "game" (Q.), tyalma, "toy" (Q.), tyal- "to play" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and the aforementioned Quenya word root. A general term for "game", "play". It can denote a game as an abstract concept, a game as a specific type of game (sports game, social game, riddles, etc.), child's play, comparing someone's behaviour to a game, to amusing oineself.
dyalar, dyalanê - pron. dyalar, dyalané - "player" (masc.), "(female) player" (fem.) - dyal, "game" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term for "game". Compare with the Quenya term tyalindo, "player".
ârudyal - pron. aaru-dyal - "chess" - âru- "king-", "queen-", "royal-", obj. c. (Ad./P-AdW), dyal, "game" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms and from a canon Adunaic term. A term for "chess", or rather, its closest equivalent in Middle-earth (if we don't take Tolkien's "translation" of The Lord of the Rings "from Westron" completely literally, but a bit more figuratively). The literal meaning of the temr is "king-game", "king's game", because the Indo-Persian word shah, shakh (lit. "king", "ruler") could not have existed in its literal real world form among the fictional languages of the various human cultures of Middle-earth (not even in eastern or southern Middle-earth). One of the few hints we get about the existence of a game in the manner of chess, is a reference along the lines of "the board is set, the pieces are moving" and similar, in The Return of the King. It's not clear what the name of the Middle-earth equivalent of chess could have been, but games in a similar spirit (see also senet) would certainly exist.
nâithi-rukkîk-dyal, abbr. nâithi - pron. naay-thi-ruk-keek-dyal, abbr. naay-thi - "tables" - nâith, "wedge" (P-AdW), nâithi, "wedges" (P-AdW), rukkik, "little-wheel", "wheellet" (P-AdW), rukkîk, "little-wheels", "wheellets" (P-AdW), dyal, "game" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. A term for an equivalent of the real world historic tabletop game "tables", (or its modern counterpart, backgammon). Literally "wedges-wheellets-game", "game of wedges and wheellets", which references the typical appearance of the interior part of the game board and the flattened, circle-shaped, chip-like playing pieces of tables. Often colloquially abbreviated to just "nâithi", i.e. "wedges" ("a game of wedges"). Though professor Tolkien had stated, that Middle-earth is certainly not "not medieval in the sense of the Late Middle Ages", not an environment of knightly jousting and princesses, the game of tables is so ancient and widespread a tabletop game, that it was well-known already in much earlier centuries. If any tabletop games utilising a game board exist in Middle-earth, this is one of the few candidates that could've really existed in Middle-earth and be relatively common (in terms of popularity, also more widespread than the already mentioned Middle-earth equivalent of chess).
lôzukhetêth (Ad.), lôzuhetêth (W.) - pron. looz-u-khet-éth, looz-u-het-éth - "snowball fight" - lôz, "snow" (P-AdW), lôzu-, "snow-", obj. c. (P-AdW), khêta, "to throw", "to toss" (P-AdW-Ad.), hêta, "to throw", "to toss" (P-AdW-W.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "snow-throwing".
bavabâre, karz-imab-dûk - pron. ba-vab-aa-re, carz-im-ub-dook - "golf" - bawâb, "wind" (Ad.), bavâb, "wind" (P-AdW-W.), abâr, "might", "power" (Ad.), karz, "head" (P-AdW-W.), imab, "into" (P-AdW), dûk, "hole" (W.) - Derived from canon Adunaic and Westron terms and newly-introduced terms. Literally "mighty-wind", "wind-might", or alternatively, "head-into-hole". Based on the name of the orcish chieftain Golfimbul, whose name is real world Scandinavian in origin and means "wind-mighty", "wind-terrible", etc. The hobbits of the Shire had a legend that when tall-for-a-hobbit Bandobras "the Bullroarer" Took led a force of hobbits in the Battle of the Greenfields, against a force of orcs, he managed to hit the orc chieftain Golfimbul with a wooden club so hard, Golfimbul's head was torn off his body, flew through the air and landed in a rabbit hole. According to legend, this is how the game of golf was invented, and supposedly named after the defeated and beheaded Golfimbul. Regardless of whether the legend is true or not, the Hobbitish Westron name for it would have to reference the meaning of Golfimbul's name, translated to Westron. In addition, there is also another, newly-invented term for this game/sport, which also references this macabre-humorous hobbit legend. Both of the terms only exist in P-AdW Westron and have no P-AdW Adunaic form, as they were not invented yet at the time of P-AdW Adunaic.
minlukâlophursêth, minlukâlophursîth - pron. minlu-kaalo-phur-séth, minlu-kaalo-phur-seeth - "fireworks", "fireworks" - minlu-, "sky-", obj. c. (P-AdW), kâlo, "light" (P-AdW), phursêth, "gushing", "flowing" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "gushing-sky-light(s)", "flowing-sky-light(s)".
nituphargar, nituphargîr - pron. ni-tu-phar-gar, ni-tu-phar-gear - "(a piece of) fireworks", "firecracker" (sg.), "(pieces of) fireworks", "firecrackers" (pl.) - nitu-, "fire-", obj. c. (P-AdW), phargâ, "crack", "snap", "burst" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms.
ulihald - pron. uli-hulled - "umbrella" - ulin, "rain" (P-AdW), hald, "shield" (figurative), "shielding" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "rain-shield". Umbrellas and parasols are some of the more anachronistic devices/tools available to hobbits of The Shire (the wealthier ones at least), but since they exist, there might as well be a term for them in P-AdW Westron.
ûrehald - pron. oore-hulled - "parasol" - ûre, "sun" (P-AdW), hald, "shield" (figurative), "shielding" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "sun-shield". Umbrellas and parasols are some of the more anachronistic devices/tools available to hobbits of The Shire (the wealthier ones at least), but since they exist, there might as well be a term for them in P-AdW Westron.

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Music and musical instruments

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
dandal, dandîl - pron. dandal, dandeel - "harp" (sg.), "harps" (pl.) - tanta, tantila, "harp" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
dandalar, dandalîr, dandalîrat - pron. dandalar, dandaleer, dandaleerat - "harper" (sg.), "harpers" (pl.), "duo of harpers" (dl.) - dandal, "harp" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW term.
dandalsarm, dandalsarmî - pron. dandalsarm, dandalsarmee - "harpstring" (sg.), "harpstrings" (pl.) - dandal, "harp" (P-AdW), sarm, "string", "cord" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW terms. The variants with the definite article are dandalsarmet (sg.) and dandalsarmît (pl.).
kalutera, aphanutera - pron. kalutera, aphanutera - "lute", "cither", "kantele" - kali, "merry" (W.), kalda, "merriment", "joy" (fan. add. W.), aphana, "bliss" (Ad.), aphanu-, "bliss-" (Ad.), ter, "wood" (P-AdW), tera, "piece of wood", "wooden object" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Westron and Adunaic terms and newly-introduced terms. Literally "joy-wood", "merry-wood" or "bliss-wood", a nod at the use of "joy-wood" as a poetic term for a musical instrument in Beowulf, one of Tolkien's keen areas of interest.
kwîntera, sarmîgkwîna - pron. queen-tera, sarmeeg-queen-a - "fiddle" - kwîn-, "squeak-" (P-AdW), kwîna, "squeaker", "squeaking thing" (P-AdW), sarmîg, "strings" (P-AdW), tera, "piece of wood", "wooden object" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "squeak-wood" or "string-squeak-er".
lârdandal, lârdandîl - pron. laardandal, laardandeel - "lute", "guitar" (sg.), "lutes", "guitars" (pl.) - lango, "neck", "throat", lanco, langon, "throat" (Q.), lang, "neck", "throat" (S.), dandal, "harp", dandîl, "harps" (P-AdW), langandë, "guitar", "lute", "necked-harp" (Q., neologism), langan(d), "guitar", "lute", "necked-harp" (S., neologism) - Derived from and inspired by the aforementioned Quenya terms and Sindarin terms (including inspired by the Quenya and Sindarin neologisms for "lute" or "guitar") and by derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW term.
lînbêth - pron. línbéf - "music" - lindalë, "music" (Q.), bêth, "expression", "word" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and canon Adunaic term.
lînth - pron. leenth (or leanth) - "song", "ditty" - lindë, "song" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
nêyel, neyîl - pron. néy-el, ney-eel - "bell" (sg.), "bells" (pl.) - nyellë, "bell" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
nêylezimpi - pron. néy-le-zim-pi - "clarinet" - nêyel, "bell" (P-AdW), nêyle-, "bell-", obj. c. (P-AdW), zimpi, "flute", "(musical) pipe", "woodwind" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "bell-flute", "bell-pipe", reflecting the real world origin of the term clarinet (from French clarinette, a diminutive of clarion, a term for "trumpet" derived from the word for "small bell", referring to the bell-shaped lower end of the instrument).
niyirlînth - pron. niyir-leenth (or niyir-leanth) - "elegy", "lament", "dirge" - niyir, "sorrow", "grief", "lament" (P-AdW), lînth, "song" (Q.) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW terms.
pâlomba, pâlombi - pron. paalomba, paalombi - "drum" (sg.), "drums" (pl.) - pâla, "to hit" (P-AdW), palampa, "drum" (Q., neologism) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term and from the aforementioned Quenya neologism.
ras, rîs - pron. russ, rees - "horn" (sg.), "horns" (pl.) - ras, "horn" (W.) - A canon Westron term and its newly-introduced plural form.
rûtaras, rûtarîs - pron. root-a-russ, root-a-rees - "trumpet" (sg.), "trumpets" (pl.) - rûta, rûtaz, "metal" (P-AdW), ras, "horn" (W.) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Westron term. Literally "metal-horn".
zimpi - pron. zim-pi - "flute", "pipe", "woodwind" - simpa, simpina, "flute", "pipe", "woodwind" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms.

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Dramatic arts

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
dyal-kên, dyalkên - pron. dyalkén - "stage play" - dyal, dyal-, "game", "to play" (P-AdW), kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) - Literally "theatrical story".
dyalkênar - pron. dyalkénar - "play-actor", "actor", "theatre actor" - dyal, dyal-, "play", "game", "to play" (P-AdW), kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) - Literally "the player of a theatrical story".

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Calendars

Translation of the calendar terminology of the Third Age into P-AdW Westron.

The known calendars varied depending on the specific culture, but many had a mutually interrelated origin.

The calendars of the hobbits of the Shire and the men and hobbits of the Bree-land were influenced by the calendar of the vanished kingdom of Arnor, who they were once a part of. In the centuries since the dissolution of the kingdom, the calendars of the aforementioned two regions continued their independent development.

a.) The Shire calendar

Note that all of the ortography and pronunciations are only in P-AdW Westron.

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
Sattid an Cêrlureba - pron. Sutt-id un Care-lu-re-ba - "2 Yule" - satta, "two" (Ad.), sattid, "second" (P-AdW), an, "of", genitive suffix (Ad.), Cêrlureba, Cêrluba, "Yuletide", "New-year" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally the "2nd of New-year", "2nd of Yule". Rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 22^nd of December. The Quenya elvish equivalent term was Yestarë.
Nadcêrlureba, Nadcêrluba - pron. Nud-care-lu-re-ba, Nud-care-lu-ba - "Afteryule" - nad-, "after-" (P-AdW), Cêrlureba, "Yuletide" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "After-New-year" (i. e. the hobbit Yule), based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of January, æfterra ġēola ("after-Yule"). This first month lasts between the real world's 23^rd December to 21^st January and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's January. The hobbits of the Eastfarthing of The Shire used the Bree-land term "Frery" instead of "Afteryule".
Dâihuloba, Dâihloba - pron. Die-h(u)-loba - "Solmath" - dâih-, "mud-" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "mud-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of February, Solmónaþ ("mud-month"). The hobbits' favoured shorter colloquial form Dâihloba in P-AdW Westron is analogous to the shorter colloquial form Somath in English. This second month lasts between the real world's 22^nd January to 20^th February and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's February.
Râhuba - pron. Raahuba - "Rethe" - râhu-, "rough", "tough", "difficult" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "rough-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of March, Hreþmōnaþ ("rough-month"). This third month lasts between the real world's 21^st February to 22^nd March and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's March.
Ûrazûloba - pron. Oor-azoo-loba - "Astron" - ûrenazûl, "dawn", "sunrise" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Easter-month", "Dawn-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of April, ēastermōnaþ ("Easter-month", "Dawn-month"), from the word, ēastre, "Easter", "Dawn" (itself derived from a Proto-West-Germanic word that denoted "dawn", and figuratively "east"). This fourth month lasts between the real world's 23^rd March to 21^st of April and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's April. The hobbits of the Eastfarthing of The Shire used the Bree-land term "Chithing" instead of "Astron".
Nîldilimba - pron. Neel-di-lim-ba - "Thrimidge" - nîlda, "three" (P-AdW), ilim, "milk" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Three-milk-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of May, þrimilce ("Three-milk-givings"). This fifth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd April to 21^st May and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's May.
Obmôigal, Obmôigloba - pron. Ob-mooy-gull (-oo- as in "door"), Ob-mooy-glob-uh - "Forelithe" - ob-, "fore" (Ad.), oban, "fore", "before" (P-AdW), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term (prefix) and newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Fore-lithe", "Fore-mild". This sixth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd May to 20^th June and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's June. Lithe is a newer form of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) word líða, which denoted the months of June and July (and is a cognate to "summer" terms from other Indo-european languages, e.g. Slavic leto, léto, etc.). The original meaning of líða ("lithe") is "mild", hence "Mild-month", "Lithe-month", and the derived "Fore-mild" and "After-mild". The hobbits of the Eastfarthing of The Shire used the Bree-land term "Lithe" instead of "Forelithe".
Îrt an Môigal - pron. Ear-t un Mooy-gull (-oo- as in "door") - "1 Lithe" - îr, "one" (P-AdW), îrt, "first" (P-AdW), an, "of", genitive suffix (Ad.), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môig-/môigu-, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced P-AdW terms (including one derived from a Quenya term). Literally the "1st of Mild", "1st of Lithe". The "1st of Lithe" in the Shire calendar is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 21^st June.
Andûrebla ûrepûh - pron. Und-oo-reb-luh oo-re-pooh - "Mid-year's Day" - and, "mid-" (P-AdW), ûreba, "year" (P-AdW), -la, adjectival suffix (P-AdW), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. This day in the Shire calendar is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 21^st June (though on leap years, it falls on the 22^nd June instead). It is not rendered with a possessive suffix in P-AdW and is not considered part of the week, with a usual name of the day. The concept of "Midsummer" is, in turn, Andalâil, e.g. "Midsummer's Eve" / "Midsummer Eve" is Andalâil-lômi, Andalâila lômi.
Amlumôigal, Amlumôigurepûh - pron. Um-luh-mooy-gull, Um-luh-mooyg-u-re-pooh - "Overlithe" - amlad, "above" (P-AdW), amlada, "upwards" (P-AdW), amlu-, "above" / "upwards", obj. c. (P-AdW), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môig-/môigu-, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. A leap day in the Shire calendar that only occurs on leap years (i.e. every four years) after Mid-year's Day.
Sattid an Môigal - pron. Sutt-id un Mooy-gull (-oo- as in "door") - "2 Lithe" - satta, "two" (Ad.), sattid, "second" (P-AdW), an, "of", genitive suffix (Ad.), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môig-/môigu-, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced P-AdW terms (including one derived from a Quenya term). Literally the "2nd of Mild", "2nd of Lithe". The "2nd of Lithe" in the Shire calendar is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 22^nd June.
Nadmôigal, Nadmôigloba - pron. Nud-un-mooy-guh (-oo- as in "door"), Nud-un-glob-uh (-oo- as in "door") - "Afterlithe" - nad-, "after" (Ad.), nadan, "after" (P-AdW), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môig-/môigu, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term (prefix) and newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "After-lithe", "After-mild". This seventh month lasts between the real world's 24^th June to 23^rd July and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's July. Lithe is a newer form of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) word líða, which denoted the months of June and July (and is a cognate to "summer" terms from other Indo-european languages, e.g. Slavic leto, léto, etc.). The original meaning of líða ("lithe") is "mild", hence "Mild-month", "Lithe-month", and the derived "Fore-mild" and "After-mild".
Salguloba - pron. Sull-gu-loba - "Wedmath" - salêg, "grass" (P-AdW), salgu-, "grass", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Grass-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of August, wéodmónaþ ("grass-month"). This eighth month lasts between the real world's 24^th July to 22^nd August and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's August.
Âivuloba - pron. I-vu-loba / Aay-vu-loba - "Halimath" - âival, "holy", "sacred" (P-AdW), âivu-, "holy", "sacred", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Holy-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of September, hāliġmōnaþ ("holy-month"). This ninth month lasts between the real world's 23^rd August to 21^st September and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's September.
Hrîlkândloba - pron. Hreel-kaand-loba - "Winterfilth" - hrîl, "winter" (P-AdW), hrîl-, "winter-", obj. c. (P-AdW), kândla, "full", "filled", adj. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Winter-filling-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of October, Winterfylleþ ("Winter-filling", "Winter-full-moon"). This tenth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd September to 21^st October and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's October.
Gâuthloba - pron. Gaauth-loba - "Blotmath" - gâuth-, "offer", "offering", "sacrifice" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Offering-month", "Sacrifice-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for November, blotmonaþ, ("month of sacrifice"). This eleventh month lasts between the real world's 22^nd October to the 20^th November and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's November.
Obcêrlureba, Obcêrluba - pron. Ob--care-lu-re-ba, Ob-care-lu-ba - "Foreyule" - ob-, "fore-", "before-" (P-AdW), Cêrlureba, "Yuletide" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Before-New-year" (i.e. the hobbit Yule). Tolkien had seemingly based it on logical extrapolation of the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of January, æfterra ġēola ("after-Yule"), as already noted earlier, above. This twelfth month lasts between the real world's 21^st November to 20^th December and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's December. The hobbits of the Eastfarthing of The Shire used the Bree-land term "Yulemath" instead of "Foreyule".
Îrt an Cêrlureba - pron. Ear-t un Care-lu-re-ba - "1 Yule" - îr, "one" (P-AdW), îrt, "first" (P-AdW), an, "of", genitive suffix (Ad.), Cêrlureba, Cêrluba, "Yuletide", "New-year" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced P-AdW terms (including one derived from a Quenya term). Literally the "1st of Mild", "1st of Lithe". Rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 21^st of December. The Quenya elvish equivalent term was Mettarë.

b.) Bree Calendar

Note that all of the ortography and pronunciations are only in P-AdW Westron.

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
Nihuloba - pron. Ni-hu-loba - "Frery" - nikhe, "frost", nikhâ, "to freeze" (P-AdW-W.), nihe, "frost", nihâ, "to freeze" (P-AdW-W.), nihu-, "frost-", "freez-", obj. c. (P-AdW-W.), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Frost-month", "Freeze-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term frēorig ("freezing"). This first month lasts between the real world's 23^rd December to 21^st January and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's January.
Dâihuloba, Dâihloba - pron. Die-h(u)-loba - "Solmath" - dâih-, "mud-" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "mud-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of February, Solmónaþ ("mud-month"). The hobbits' favoured shorter colloquial form Dâihloba in P-AdW Westron is analogous to the shorter colloquial form Somath in English. This second month lasts between the real world's 22^nd January to 20^th February and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's February.
Râhuba - pron. Raa-hu-ba - "Rethe" - râhu-, "rough", "tough", "difficult", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "rough-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of March, Hreþmōnaþ ("rough-month"). This third month lasts between the real world's 21^st February to 22^nd March and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's March.
Tvîlvaruba, Tvîlvarba - pron. Tveel-va-ru-ba, Tveel-var-ba - "Chithing" - tvîlvara, "to sprout", "to spring from", "to germinate", especially plants, fungi, etc. (P-AdW), tvîlvarin, "sprouted", "springing from", "germinated" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Sprout-month", "Sprouting-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term ciðing ("chithing", "germinating", "sprouting"). This fourth month lasts between the real world's 23^rd March to 21^st of April and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's April.
Nîldilimba - pron. Neel-di-lim-ba - "Thrimidge" - nîlda, "three" (P-AdW), ilim, "milk" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Three-milk-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of May, þrimilce ("Three-milk-givings"). This fifth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd April to 21^st May and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's May.
Môigal - pron. Mooy-gull (-oo- as in "door") - "Lithe" - moica, "mild", "gentle" (Q.), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môigu-, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and newly-introduced P-AdW terms (derived from the Quenya term). Literally "Mild". This sixth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd May to 20^th June and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's June. Lithe is a newer form of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) word líða, which denoted the months of June and July (and is a cognate to "summer" terms from other Indo-european languages, e.g. Slavic leto, léto, etc.). The original meaning of líða ("lithe") is "mild", hence "Mild-month", "Lithe-month".
Alâil-ûrepûhit - pron. Uh-lie-ill-oo-re-pooh-it - "The Summerdays" - alâil, "summer" (P-AdW), alâil-, "summer", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûrepûhi, "days" (P-AdW), -t, definite article (W.) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and the canon Westron suffix for the definite article. Literally "The Summer-days". Rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 21^st to 23^rd June, with a leap day in between depending on the year.
Lâiruloba, Lâirloba - pron. Lie-r-(u)-loba - "Mede" - lâira, "meadow" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "meadow" or "meadow-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term mede ("meadow"). This seventh month lasts between the real world's 24^th June to 23^rd July and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's July.
Salguloba - pron. Sull-gu-loba - "Wedmath" - salêg, "grass" (P-AdW), salgu-, "grass", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Grass-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of August, wéodmónaþ ("grass-month"). This eighth month lasts between the real world's 24^th July to 22^nd August and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's August.
Kirimloba - pron. Ki-rim-loba - "Harvestmath" - kirim, "harvest", "collecting of crops" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Harvest-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of September, hærfestmōnaþ ("harvest-month"). This ninth month lasts between the real world's 23^rd August to 21^st September and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's September.
Hrîlnoba - pron. Hreel-noba - "Wintring" - hrîl, "winter" (P-AdW), hrîl-, "winter-", obj. c. (P-AdW), kândla, "full", "filled", adj. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Winter-filling-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of October, Winterfylleþ ("Winter-filling", "Winter-full-moon"). The Bree-land form of the name is slightly different than the Shire form, and likely just means "wintry", "wintry-month". This tenth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd September to 21^st October and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's October.
Gâvloba - pron. Gaav-loba - "Blooting" - gâuth-, "offer", "offering", "sacrifice" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Offering-month", "Sacrifice-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for November, blotmonaþ, ("month of sacrifice"). The Bree-land form of the name is slightly different than the Shire form. This eleventh month lasts between the real world's 22^nd October to the 20^th November and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's November.
Cêrlureba - pron. Care-lu-reh-ba - "Yulemath" - cêrla, "new" (P-AdW), cêrlu-, "new-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûreba, "year" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "New-year-month". This twelfth month lasts between the real world's 21^st November to 20^th December and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's December.

Important note: The terms for all of these parts of The Shire and Bree calendars are in P-AdW Westron, not in P-AdW Adunaic. The P-AdW Adunaic terms would not be used for these calendars, since they were created by Westron users, Adunaic having largelly fallen out of use by the times of a self-governing Shire and Breeland. However, it is possible to retrofit these terms into P-AdW Adunaic by following the different phonetic and ortographic rules of P-AdW Adunaic.

c.) Other calendar terms and holiday terms

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
andalâil - pron. und-uh-lie-l - "midsummer" - and, "middle", and-, "mid-" (P-AdW), alâil, "summer" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "mid-summer". Corresponds to the Mid-year's Day of the Shire and the Summerdays of the Bree-land.
alâila ûrenamiyêth - pron. uh-lie-luh oo-ren-a-mee-ye - "summer solstice" - alâila, "summer", adj., "summerly" (P-AdW), ûre, "sun" (P-AdW), amîye, "less" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Adunaic suffix. Literally "summer sun-lessening" (or just "sun-lessening") in P-AdW Westron, based on the fact that the days begin to get shorter and nights longer after the summer solstice.
andihrîl - pron. un-di-hreel - "midwinter" - and, "middle", andu-, andi-, "mid-", obj. c. (P-AdW), hrîl, "winter" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "mid-winter". Occurs after Yule.
hrîlal ûrinkonêth - pron. hree-lull oo-rin-ko-néth - "winter solstice" - hrîlal, "winter", adj., "winterly" (P-AdW), ûre, "sun" (P-AdW), rînkonêth, "return" (P-AdW), amanar, "Yule", "winter solstice" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Adunaic suffix. Literally "winter sun-return" (or just "sun-return") in P-AdW Westron, based on the fact that the days beging to get longer and nights shorter after the winter solstice. Also, literally "up-sun" (amanar) in Tolkien's canon Quenya.
tvîlal imdurepûhêth - pron. tveel-ul imd-u-rep-ooh-éth (-oo- as in "door") - "spring equinox" - tvîlal, "spring", adj., "springtime", adj. (P-AdW), îmdala, "the same" (P-AdW), ûrepûhi, "days" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Adunaic suffix. Literally "spring same-day-ness" in P-AdW Westron, referring to the roughly equal length of a day and night at such a date (also similar to the real world Latin term, i.e. "equal-night").
kalabîla imdurepûhêth - pron. cull-ub-ee-la imd-u-rep-ooh-éth (-oo- as in "door") - "autumn/fall equinox" - kalabîla, "autumn", adj., "fall", adj. (P-AdW), îmdala, "the same" (P-AdW), ûrepûhi, "days" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Adunaic suffix. Literally "autumn same-day-ness", "fall same-day-ness" in P-AdW Westron, referring to the roughly equal length of a day and night at such a date (also similar to the real world Latin term, i.e. "equal-night").
Cêrlureba, Cêrluba - pron. Care-lu-reh-ba, Care-lu-ba - "Yuletide", "New-year" - cêrla, "new" (P-AdW), cêrlu-, "new-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûreba, "year" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms.

d.) Calendars of Númenor, Arnor and Gondor

The calendar used by Men and its variations, originally derived from elvish calendars, and created in the First and Second Age. In the Second Age, the early form of this calendar was in use by the people of Westernesse, on the island of Númenor, whose Edain ancestors (from the First Age) had moved to the island gifted to them from Middle-earth during the early centuries of the Second Age. After the fall and destruction of Númenor, the surviving people from said land returned permanently to Middle-earth and their royal heirs founded the kingdom of Arnor in the northwest of the continent and the kingdom of Gondor in the south. These Edain-Númenorean mannish (human) cultures utilized elvish names for the individual months and special days of this calendar, in accodance with their respect for the elvish tongues as learned languages, languages for formal occassions and rule, while Adunaic and the later Westron were mostly everyday colloquial languages. During the course of the Third Age, the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor both continued to use the Númenorean type of calendar.

Colloquially, it began to be called the "King's Reckoning", "the calendar of kings", and similar. In Arnor, this calendar was also adopted by the hobbits, after they settled in the kindgom and founded the Shire in one of its uninhabited areas. It was also used by the kingdom's subjects in Bree and the other villages of the Bree-land (by both Men and hobbits). After the gradual disintegration and later dissolution of the kingdom of Arnor, the hobbits of the Shire and the Men and hobbits in the Bree-land continued to use this calendar, but over the course of many centuries, they began to increasingly modify its terminology and functioning, for their own needs. We've discussed the resulting two calendars from the end of the Third Age in the previous subsections of this article. In Gondor, during the entire existence of the kingdom, it continued to use the King's Reckoning. In the final third of the Third Age, almost one thousand years before the War of the Ring, the ruling steward of Gondor Mardil introduced a calendar reform, which had been since then referred to by the Gondorian locals as the "Steward's Reckoning" and the "Revised Calendar". Thus, at the time of the War of the Ring, the two small remnant territories of the former kingdom of Arnor had their own two derivatives of the original King's Reckoning (the hobbits of the Shire also introduced a certain functional reform to their derivative), while in Gondor, a few centuries after the dissolution of Arnor, the stwewards carried out a reform and created a third derivative of the original calendar. After the founding of the Reunited kingdom by Aragorn's new royal dynasty Telcontar ("Strider"), the calendar was once again modified, to make the new year begin not in the winter months (ca our late December), but to begin on the memorial day of the 25th of "March" (i. e. the day of the destruction of the One Ring and the defeat of Sauron and Mordor). This calendar was referred to as the "New Reckoning".

The following overview contains the hypothetical znenie of the individual months of the royal calendars of Númenor, and (as the King's Reckoning), the royal calendars of Arnor and Gondor, if all of these calendars were portrayed not only in the elvish Quenya and Sindarin, but also in the domestic mannish languages, Adunaic and Westron. (Given the long millennia of the use of this type of calendar, it is improbable, that there wouldn't be any secondary, translated equivalents of the primarily elvish terminology of a calendar. Given all the vernacular calendar names occuring among the hobbits in general, and the Men of the Bree-land, it's clear that colloquial equivalents must have existed in Westron, while the elvish names were in turn mainly used by the nobility, by scholars, citizens of cities, and similar.)

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
Îrtûrepûh - pron. Eert-oo-re-pooh - "Yestarë" (Q.), "2 Yule" (Sh. cal.) - îrt, "first" (P-AdW), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW), Yestarë, "First day", "Initial day" (Q.), yesta, essë, "beginning", "commencement" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and Quenya terms. The elvish meaning of the name (in Quenya) is literally "First-day", and similarly, it literally means "First-day" in P-AdW Adunaic and in P-AdW Westron as well. (It is not known whether there was a separate term for this first day of the year in Sindarin.)
Kêrnitunîloba (Ad.), Cêrnituniloba, Cêrnitloba (W.) - pron. Kér-ni-tu-nee-lo-ba (Ad.), Kér-ni-tu-ni-lo-ba, Kér-nit-lo-ba (W.) - "Narvinyë" (Q.), "Narwain" (S.), "Afteryule" (Sh. cal.), "Frery" (Br. cal.) - cêrla, "new" (P-AdW), nitu-, "fire-", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW), Narvinyë, "January" (Q.), nár, "fire", "flame" (Q.), vinya, "young", "new" (Q.), Narwain, "January" (S.), anor, "sun" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms, Quenya and Sindarin terms. The elvish meaning of the name (in Quenya and Sindarin) is literally "New-fire", the "Month of new fire". In P-AdW Adunaic and in P-AdW Westron, it is literally "New-fire-month", "Month of new fire". The shorter form is the more colloquial form of the term. A month identical with the month of Afteryule in the Shire and the month of Frery in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of January in the Gregorian calendar.
Marnînloba (Ad.), Marnîloba (W.) - pron. Mar-neen-lo-ba (Ad.), Mar-nee-lo-ba (W.) - "Nénimë" (Q.), "Nínui" (S.), "Solmath" (Sh. cal.), "Solmath" (Br. cal.) - marnînla, "waterry" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW), Nénimë, "February" (Q.), nenda, "wet", "waterry" (Q.), Nínui, "February" (S.), nínui, "waterry" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms, Quenya and Sindarin terms. The elvish meaning of the name (in Quenya and Sindarin) is literally "Waterry-month", and similarly, in P-AdW Adunaic and in P-AdW Westron, it is also literally a "Waterry month". A month identical with the month of Solmath in the Shire and the month of Solmath in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of February in the Gregorian calendar.
Bâwinîloba (Ad.), Bâvniloba, Bâvloba (W.) - pron. Baa-wi-nee-lo-ba (Ad.), Baav-ni-lo-ba, Baav-lo-ba (W.) - "Súlimë" (Q.), "Gwaeron" (S.), "Rethe" (Sh. cal.), "Rethe" (Br. cal.) - bawâb, "wind" (Ad.), bâwi-, "wind-", obj. c. (P-AdW-Ad.), bavâb, "wind" (W.), bâv-, "wind-", obj. c. (P-AdW-W.), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW), Súlimë, "March" (Q.), súrë, "wind" (Q.), Gwaeron, "March" (S.), gwae, "wind" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms, and from Quenya and Sindarin terms. The elvish meaning of the name (in Quenya and Sindarin) is literally "Wind-month", "Windy month", as well as the literal meaning in P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron. The shorter form is the more colloquial form of the term. A month identical with the month of Rethe in the Shire and the month of Rethe in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of March in the Gregorian calendar.
Wîraynîloba, Vîraynîloba (Ad.), Vîrayniloba (W.) - pron. Vee-rye-nee-lo-ba (Ad.), Vee-rye-ni-lo-ba (W.) - "Víressë" (Q.), "Gwirith" (S.), "Astron" (Sh. cal.), "Chithing" (Br. cal.) - vîray-, "fresh-", "čestv-", obj. c. (P-AdW), wîrayan, vîrayan, "freshly", "sprightly", adv. (P-AdW), wîrayla, wîrayal, "svieže", "sprightly" (P-AdW-Ad.), vîrayla, vîrayal, "fresh", "sprightly" (P-AdW-W.), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW), Víressë, "Freshness", "April" (Q.), víressë, "fresh", "sprightly", "budding", "sprouting" (Q.), Gwirith, "April" (S.), gwirith, "fresh", "sprightly", "budding", "sprouting" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms, and from Quenya and Sindarin terms. Elfský význam mena (v quenijčine a sindarčine) je "Fresh-month", "Fresh month", "Sprightly month", and had the same meaning in P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron as well. A month identical with the month of Astron in the Shire and the month of Chithing in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of April in the Gregorian calendar.
Inzilnîloba (Ad.), Inzilniloba, Inziloba (W.) - pron. In-zil-nee-lo-ba (Ad.), In-zil-ni-lo-ba, In-zi-lo-ba (W.) - "Lótessë" (Q.), "Lothron" (S.), "Thrimidge" (Sh. cal.), "Thrimidge" (Br. cal.) - inzil, "flower" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW), Lótessë, "May" (Q.), lótë, "(flowering/blooming) flower" (Q.), Lothron, "May" (S.), loth, "flower" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms, and from Quenya and Sindarin terms. The elvish meaning of the name (in Quenya and Sindarin) is literally "Flower month", "Flowering/Blooming month", and similarly, in P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron literally "Flower-month", "Blooming-month", "Flower month". The shorter form is the more colloquial form of the term. A month identical with the month of Thrimidge in the Shire and the month of Thrimidge in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of May in the Gregorian calendar.
Ûrunîloba (Ad.), Ûrniloba (W.) - pron. Oo-ru-nee-lo-ba (Ad.), Oor-ni-lo-ba (W.) - "Nárië" (Q.), "Nórui" (S.), "Forelithe" (Sh. cal.), "Lithe" (Br. cal.) - and, "middle", and-, "mid-", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW), anor, "sun" (Q.), anor, "sun" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms, and from Quenya and Sindarin terms. Doslova "Slni-mesiac", "Slnečný mesiac" v P-AdW adunajčine a P-AdW západčine. A month identical with the month of Forelithe in the Shire and the month of Lithe in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of June in the Gregorian calendar.
Andûreba - pron. An-doo-re-ba - "Loëndë" (Q.), "Loende" (S.), "Mid-year's Day" (Sh. cal.), "The Summerdays" (Br. cal.) - and, "middle" (P-AdW), and-, andu-, "stredo-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûreba, "year" (P-AdW), loëndë, "Stredo-rok", the elven equivalent of Mid-year's Day (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, and from Quenya and Sindarin terms. Literally "Mid-year", the name for the middle day of the year. Date-wise identical with the day/holiday of Mid-year's Day (the middle day of the year) in the Shire, and with the middle day of The Summerdays period in the Bree-land. The rough equivalent of the 20th of June in the Gregorian calendar.
Andûrepûh - pron. And-oo-re-pooh - "Enderi" (Q.), "Enderi" (S.), "Overlithe" (Sh. cal.), "The Summerdays" (Br. cal.) - and, "middle" (P-AdW), and-, andu-, "mid-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW), loëndë, "Mid-day", the elven equivalent of Overlithe (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, and from Quenya and Sindarin terms. Literally "Mid-day", the day after the middle day of the year. Date-wise identical with the day/holiday following the middle day of the year (Mid-year's Day), the holiday of Overlithe in the Shire, and another of the Summerdays in the Bree-land. Just as in the case of Overlithe, this day occured in the King's Reckoning (royal calendar) only every four year, during a leap year. The rough equivalent of the 21st of June in the Gregorian calendar.
Karnîloba - pron. Car-nee-lo-ba - "Cermië" (Q.), "Cerveth" (S.), "Afterlithe" (Sh. cal.), "Mede" (Br. cal.) - karnin, "cloven", "cut apart", "rended apart" (W.), kar-, "clove apart", "cut apart", "rend apart" (P-AdW), nîloba, "mesiac" (P-AdW), Cermië, "July" (Q.), cer-, "zber", "zber úrody", dosl. asi "preťatie", "rezanie" (Q.), Cerveth, "July" (S.) - Derived from a canon Westron term, newly-introduced P-AdW terms, and from Quenya and Sindarin terms. The elvish meaning of the name is, most probably, the "Month of cutting", "Month of reaping". In P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron, the name literally means the "Month of cutting", "Month of cutting off/through". A month identical with the month of Afterlithe in the Shire and the month of Mede in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of July in the Gregorian calendar.
Ûrlunîloba, Ûrluloba - pron. Úrluníloba, Úrluloba - "Úrimë" (Q.), "Urui" (S.), "Wedmath" (Sh. cal.), "Wedmath" (Br. cal.) - ûrla, "hot" (P-AdW), ûrlu-, "hot-", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW), Úrimë, "August" (Q.), úrë, "hot" (Q.), Urui, "August" (S.), úr, "hot" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, and from Quenya and Sindarin terms. Elfský význam mena je "Horúci mesiac", "Mesiac horúčavy". V P-AdW adunajčine a P-AdW západčine je to doslova "Horúco-mesiac", "Mesiac horúčavy". The shorter form is the more colloquial form of the term. A month identical with the month of Wedmath in the Shire and the month of Wedmath in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of August in the Gregorian calendar.
Yavunîloba, Yavloba - pron. Ya-vu-nee-loba, Yav-lo-ba - "Yavannië" (Q.), "Ivanneth" (S.), "Halimath" (Sh. cal.), "Harvestmath" (Br. cal.) - yavê, "fruit", "a piece of fruit", sg., yavî, "fruit", pl. (P-AdW), yavu-, yav-, "fruit-", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW), Yavannië, "September" (Q.), Yavanna, "giver of fruit", "fruit-gift" (Q.), yávië, "autumn", "fruit-gathering", "fruit harvest" (Q.), Iivanneth, "September" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, Quenya terms and Sindarin terms. Elfský význam mena je "Mesiac zberu", "Mesiac (oberačky) ovocia". V P-AdW adunajčine a P-AdW západčine je to doslova "Ovoc-mesiac", "Ovocný mesiac", "Mesiac ovocia". The shorter form is the more colloquial form of the term. A month identical with the month of Halimath in the Shire and the month of Harvestmath in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of September in the Gregorian calendar.
Pelvunîloba, Pelvuloba - pron. Pel-vu-nee-lo-ba, Pel-vu-lo-ba - "Narquelië" (Q.), "Narbeleth" (S.), "Winterfilth" (Sh. cal.), "Wintring" (Br. cal.) - pelvintâ, "fade", "rozplývať sa", "fade away" (P-AdW), pelvu-, "fade", "fade away", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW), Narquelië, "October" (Q.), nár, "fire" (Q.), quelië, "fading", "fading away", "vytrácanie sa" (Q.), Narbeleth, "October" (S.), naur, "fire" (S.), peleth, "fading", "fading away", "vytrácanie sa" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, Quenya terms and Sindarin terms. The elvish meaning of the name (in Quenya and Sindarin) is literally the "Month of the fading of the sun", "Month of the sun's retreating", and similarly, in P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron, it literally means the "Month of the sun's fading", "Month of the sun's retreating". The shorter form is the more colloquial form of the term. A month identical with the month of Winterfilth in the Shire and the month of Wintring in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of October in the Gregorian calendar.
Hîzunîloba, Hîzloba - pron. Hee-zu-neel-oba, Heez-lo-ba - "Hísimë" (Q.), "Hithui" (S.), "Blotmath" (Sh. cal.), "Blooting" (Br. cal.) - hîzla, hîzal, "hmlisté", "oplývajúce hmlou" (P-AdW), hîz-, hîzu-, "hmlo-" (P-AdW), nîloba, "mesiac" (P-AdW), Hísimë, "november" (Q.), hísëa, "hmlisté", "oplývajúce hmlou" (Q. rekonšt.), Hithui, "november" (S.), hithui, "hmlisté", "oplývajúce hmlou" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, Quenya terms and Sindarin terms. Elfský význam mena bol "Mesiac hmly", "Hmlistý mesiac". V P-AdW adunajčine a P-AdW západčine je to doslova "Hmlo-mesiac". The shorter form is the more colloquial form of the term. A month identical with the month of Blotmath in the Shire and the month of Blooting in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of November in the Gregorian calendar.
Rînginîloba, Rîngiloba - pron. Reen-gi-nee-lo-ba, Reen-gi-lo-ba - "Ringarë" (Q.), "Girithron" (S.), "Foreyule" (Sh. cal.), "Yulemath" (Br. cal.) - rîngla, rîngal, "chladné", "studené" (P-AdW), nîloba, "mesiac" (P-AdW), Ringarë, "december" (Q.), ringa, "chladné", "studené" (Q.), Girithron, "december" (S.), girith, "pocitovo chladné", "vyvolávajúce zimomriavky" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, from Quenya terms and Sindarin terms. Elfský význam mena bol "Mesiac chladu", "Chladný mesiac", "Mesiac zimomriavok". V P-AdW adunajčine a P-AdW západčine je to doslova "Chlado-mesiac", "Chladi-mesiac". The shorter form is the more colloquial form of the term. A month identical with the month of Foreyule in the Shire and the month of Yulemath in the Bree-land, and the rough equivalent of the month of December in the Gregorian calendar.
Mênurepûh - pron. Mé-nu-re-pooh - "Mettarë" (Q.), "1 Yule" (Sh. cal.) - mênegla, mênegal, "last" (P-AdW), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW), Mettarë, "Last day (of the year)" (Q.), metta, "ending", "conclusion", "zakončenie" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms and from Quenya terms. The elvish meaning of the name (in Quenya) is literally "Last day", "Final day", and similarly, it literally means the "Last day", "Final day" in P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron as well. (It is not known whether there was a separate term for this last day of the year in Sindarin.)

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
Gimilûrapûh (Ad.), Gimilûrepûh (W.)- pron. Gimil-oo-ra-pooh, Gimil-oo-re-pooh - "Elenya" (Q.), "Orgilion" (S.), "Sterday" (Sh. cal.), "Sterrendei" (Sh. cal., arch.) - gimil, "star" (Ad./P-AdW), ûrapûh, "day" (P-AdW-Ad.), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW-W.), Elenya, "Star day", "Star-day", "Saturday" (Q.), elen, "star" (Q.), Orgilion, "Star day", "Star-day", "Saturday" (S.), or-, "day", prefix (S.), gil, "star" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, Quenya terms and Sindarin terms. The elvish meaning of the name (in Quenya) is literally "First-day", and similarly, it is literally "First-day" in P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron as well. The first day of the week according to the Númenorean calendar, the Arnor and Gondor royal calendar, as well as the Shire calendar. A day identical with Sterday in the Shire (also known under the more archaic name Sterrendei), and a rough equivalent of our Saturday.
Ûrunpûh (Ad.), Ûrenpûh (W.) - pron. Oo-run-pooh (Ad.), Oo-ren-pooh (W.) - "Anarya" (Q.), "Oranor" (S.), "Sunday" (Sh. cal.), "Sunnendei" (Sh. cal., arch.) - ûri, "sun" (Ad./P-AdW-Ad.), ûre, "sun" (P-AdW-W.), ûru-, ûren-, "sun-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûrapûh, "day" (P-AdW-Ad.), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW-W.), Anarya, "Sunny day", "Sun-day", "Sunday" (Q.), anar, "sun" (Q.), -ya, "day", ending suffix (Q.), Oranor, "Sunny day", "Sun-day", "Sunday" (S.), or-, "day", prefix (S.), anor, "sun" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, a canon Adunaic term, and from Quenya terms and Sindarin terms. Literally "Sun day", "Sun-day". The second day of the week according to the Númenorean calendar, the Arnor and Gondor royal calendar, as well as the Shire calendar. A day identical with Sunday in the Shire (also known under the more archaic name Sunnendei), and a rough equivalent of our Sunday.
Nîlurapûh (Ad.), Nîlurepûh (W.) - pron. Neel-oo-ra-pooh (Ad.), Neel-oo-re-pooh (W.) - "Isilya" (Q.), "Orithil" (S.), "Monday" (Sh. cal.), "Monendei" (Sh. cal., arch.) - nîlô, "moon" (P-AdW), nîlu-, "moon-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûrapûh, "day" (P-AdW-Ad.), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW-W.), Isilya, "Moon day", "Moon-day", "Monday" (Q.), isil, "moon" (Q.), -ya, "day", ending suffix (Q.), Orithil, "Moon day", "Moon-day", "Monday" (S.), or-, "day", prefix (S.), ithil, "moon" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, a canon Adunaic term, and from Quenya terms and Sindarin terms. Literally "Moon day", "Moon-day". The third day of the week according to the Númenorean calendar, the Arnor and Gondor royal calendar, as well as the Shire calendar. A day identical with Monday in the Shire (also known under the more archaic name Monendei), and a rough equivalent of our Monday.
Ninkûrapûh, Phânurapûh (Ad.), Ninkûrepûh, Phânurepûh (W.) - pron. Nin-koo-ra-pooh, Faa-nu-ra-pooh (Ad.), Nin-koo-re-pooh, Faa-nu-re-pooh (W.) - "Aldëa" (Q.), "Orgaladh" (S.), "Trewsday" (Sh. cal.), "Trewesdei" (Sh. cal., arch.) - ninkal(a), "white", "white-ish" (P-AdW), phâna, "white" (P-AdW), phânu-, "white-", "whit-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûrapûh, "day" (P-AdW-Ad.), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW-W.), Aldëa, "Tree day", "Tree-day", "Day of the White Tree", "Thursday" (Q.), alda, "month" (Q.), -ya, "day", ending suffix (Q.), Orgaladh, "Tree day", "Tree-day", "Day of the White Tree", "Thursday" (S.), or-, "day", prefix (S.), galadh, "tree" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms, Quenya terms and Sindarin terms. Literally "Whiteday", "Whitday", "White day". (In the Shire calendar, the name referenced the second element of the name, the White Tree, while the general P-AdW Westron name referenced its colouration.) The fourth day of the week according to the Númenorean calendar, the Arnor and Gondor royal calendar, as well as the Shire calendar. A day identical with Trewsday in the Shire (also known under the more archaic name Trewesdei), and a rough equivalent of our Tuesday.
Minûrapûh (Ad.), Menûrepûh (W.) - pron. Min-oo-ra-pooh (Ad.), Min-oo-re-pooh (W.) - "Menelya" (Q.), "Ormenel" (S.), "Hevensday", "Hensday" (Sh. cal.), "Hevenesdei" (Sh. cal., arch.) - minal, "heavens", "sky" (Ad./P-AdW), menal-, "heavens", "sky" (P-AdW), min-, men-, "heaven-", "sky-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûrapûh, "day" (P-AdW-Ad.), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW-W.), Menelya, "Wednesday" (Q.), menel, "heavens", "sky" (Q.), -ya, "day", ending suffix (Q.), Ormenel, "Wednesday" (S.), or-, "day", prefix (S.), menel, "heavens", "sky" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, from a canon Adunaic term, and from Quenya terms and Sindarin terms.. Literally "Day of the heavens", "Heaven day". The fifth day of the week according to the Númenorean calendar, the Arnor and Gondor royal calendar, as well as the Shire calendar. A day identical with Hevensdey in the Shire, Hensday for short (also known under the more archaic name Hevensdei), and a rough equivalent of our Wednesday.
Azrûrapûh (Ad.), Azrûrepûh (W.) - pron. Azroo-ri-pooh (Ad.), Azroo-re-pooh (W.) - "Eärenya" (Q.), "Oraearon" (S.), "Mersday" (Sh. cal.), "Meresdei" (Sh. cal., arch.) - azra, "sea" (Ad./P-AdW), azru-, "sea-", obj. c. (Ad./P-AdW), ûrapûh, "day" (P-AdW-Ad.), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW-Z.), Eärenya, "Sea-day", "Sea day", "Thursday" (Q.), ëaren, "great sea", "ocean" (Q.), -ya, "day", ending suffix (Q.), Oraearon, "Sea-day", "Sea day", "Thursday" (S.), or-, "day", prefix (S.), aearon, "great sea", "ocean" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned P-AdW newly-introduced terms, Quenya terms and Sindarin terms. Literally "Sea-day", "Sea day". The sixth day of the week according to the Númenorean calendar, the Arnor and Gondor royal calendar, as well as the Shire calendar. A day identical with Hevensdey in the Shire, Hensday for short (also known under the more archaic name Hevensdei), and a rough equivalent of our Thursday.
Avalôripûh (Ad.), Avalôrepûh (W.) - pron. A-val-oo-ri-pooh (first -oo- read as in "door") (Ad.), A-val-oo-re-pooh (first -oo- read as in "door") (W.) - "Valanya" (Q.), "Orbelain" (S.), "Highday" (Sh. cal.), "Hihdei" (Sh. cal., arch.) - Avalô, "Vala" (P-AdW), Avalôi, "(the) Valar" (P-AdW), ûrapûh, "day" (P-AdW-Ad.), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW-Z.), Valanya, "Day of the Valar", "Friday" (Q.), Valar, "(the) Valar" (Q.), -ya, "day", ending suffix (Q.), Orbelain, Rodyn, "Day of the Valar", "Friday" (S.), or-, "day", prefix (S.), Belain, Rodyn, "(the) Valar" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms, from a canon Adunaic term, and from Quenya and Sindarin terms. Literally "Day of the Valar", "Valar day". The seven day of the week according to the Númenorean calendar, the Arnor and Gondor royal calendar, as well as the Shire calendar. A day identical with Highday in the Shire (also known under the more archaic name Hihdei), and a rough equivalent of our Friday.

Note that the calendars of the Shire and the Bree-land have always had a local character to them. Though in the era of Arnor's existence, they held to the principles of the royal calendar, they largelly kept their own terminology. In some cases, the names of the months were completely different, while the names of days preserved their meanings even in the local variations. (This is in large part a consequence of, before the introduction of the King's Reckoning in Eriador, the Men of the Bree-land and the hobbits did not use the concept of a week, and only differentiated between months and days.)

Tolkien himself mentions, that many names in the local calendar terminology in the Shire and in the Bree-land had a point of origin in the lands on the eastern side of the Misty Mountains, in the vales of the river Anduin, in northern Rhovanion, and not on the western side of the mountains, in Eriador, on the territory of the kingdom of Arnor. The ancestors of hobbits migrated gradually, in several waves over the course of centuries, through the northern and southern mountain passes of the Misty Mountains, until they settled permanently in the bree-land in Arnor. Somewhat later, with the permission of the royal court, they settled in the little inhabited areas west of the Brandywine river, where they founded the Shire.

Because many of the names of months and names of days, used in the local variations on the Arnor royal calendar, have their origins in the lands on the eastern side of the Misty Mountains, the hobbits and some of the mannish (human) cultures in Eriador had originally loaned these names from some of the mannish cultures on the eastern side of the mountains, in Rhovanion. Given the presence of words in the Hobbitish dialect of Westron, which are very similar to several words from the language of the Rohirrim in Rohan (Rohanese) and their ancestors, as well as similar to the languages of the Bardings and other Northmen, the influence of these mannish languages on the hobbitish dialect is readily apparent. A similar phenomennon could also be noticed among the Men of the Bree-land, whose names and preferred names often had their origin in the languages of people that were more closely related to the language of the people from Dunland, or to the language of Haleth's people (the House of Haleth) in the First Age (one of the three tribes/peoples of the Edain, the one whose language didn't become a direct ancestor of Adunaic/Westron).

These names and terms thus have a different language origin than those in Adunaic and Westron, though all of the mannish (human) languages in Middle-earth had distant common ancestors. We can môžeme observe, that the calendar names used among the hobbits of the Shire and among the Men and hobbits of the Bree-land were a blend of the Westron names for the individual months and days of the King's Reckoning (royal calendar), and names of older and self-contained dialects, which they once brought to their new homelands in Eriador from other regions of the western third of Middle-earth.

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Faith and spiritual matters

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
âiwanaz (Ad.), âivan(a)z (W.) - pron. aayvan(a)z - "fane", "holy place", "sacred place" - âiwan, âivan, "posvätné" (P-AdW), ainas, "fane", "sacred place", "holy place" (Q.) - An important note: Given the story developments and the various setting elements in Tolkien's Legendarium, it is important to bear in mind that even the Númenoreans did not have temples in the typical sense. The tallest mountain of Númenor, Meneltarma (Minul-târik in Adunaic) was a sacred site, the top of the mountain used several times a year for annual spiritual rituals, in which Númenoreans gave thanks to a Higher power (i.e. to Eru). However, there was no temple at the top of the mountain, no fane in the sense of a dedicated building, nor even any megalithic architecture "for decorative purposes". It was simply a natural, flat mountain peak top, used as a site of pilgrimage for traditional ceremonies of devout thanksgiving. It is because of this that I don't consider it likely that the Númenoreans speaking Adunaic, or their descendants and other human nations in Middle-earth, speaking Westron, would ever use the term "temple" in the same sense as we would use terms like temple, church, chapel, synagogue, mosque, etc. In other words, âiwanaz does not mean a temple or fane in the sense of "building", "structure" intended for religious and spiritual meetings and rituals, but instead means practically any place (usually outside in nature), which carries within itself a certain sacred significance. Tolkien had repeatedly pointed towards the fact that though his characters often reflect the values of Abrahamic religions, and religious and secular ethical principles, he didn't go into overblown dissection of the practical and ritual aspects of their faiths and their spirituality. Besides the annual ceremonies of thanksgiving upon the summit of Meneltarma, we only know of Faramir's "prayer" seen in The Lord of the Rings (in The Two Towers), where he and a few fellow Gondor rangers quietly look towards the east, where the sun rises, and then quietly look outward from the opening in the cave next to the waterfall, gazing silently towards the west. Given Melkor's and Sauron's repeated manipulations throughout the history of Middle-earth - i.e. they wanted to be worshipped as (false) deities, Sauron even tricking the Númenoreans at the tail end of their civilizations's existence into building him a kitschy temple and doing human sacrifices - we can conclude, that many cultures in Middle-earth had an aversion to constructing buildings intended for religious purposes. Maybe they also had an aversion towards "worshipping" forms of rituals, precisely because they associated such actions with their archnemeses such as Melkor, Sauron, etc. As an author, Tolkien generally presented these peoples respect for the Higher Powers of the world in the form of humility and introspection, rather than on the level of worshipping idols.
amdêr - pron. um-dér - "hope" - amdir, "hope" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Sindarin term.
estêl - pron. es-tél - "hope" - estel, "hope" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
kyêrme - pron. kyér-me - "prayer" - kyermë, "prayer" (Q.), erukyermë, "Prayer to Eru" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms.
manô - pron. manoo (-oo as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "spirit" (also in a figurative sense), "supernatural being" - manô, "spirit", "supernatural being" (Ad.) - Canon Adunaic term.
mandyôz - pron. mand-yooz (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "the Gift of Men" - mand-, word root for "(final) fate", a reference to Mandos, the Vala guarding the Halls of Mandos, yôz, "gift" (Ad.) - More literally "the gift of final fate". The Men of Arda have the gift of being true mortals and don't need ot bother with the toll of immortality like elves. Elven souls, even after a violent death, leave for Aman, where they can, in time, incarnate and be re-embodied into new bodies, but the souls of Men (and likely also the souls of hobbits and dwarves) leave for another place, perhaps an entirely spiritual, soul-natured world.
nôyar, nôyri - pron. noo-yar ("-oo" pron. as in "door"), nooy-ri ("-oo" pron. as in "door") - "tomb", "grave" (sg.), "tombs", "graves" (pl.) - noirë, "tomb", "grave" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. A term for stone tombs and for graves, including graves with a stone framework and stone cladding.
tûrsak (Ad.), tûrsac (W.) - pron. toor-suck, tour-suck - "barrow", "barrow grave", "burial mound" - tûr, "barrow", "burial mound", "barrow grave" (EdL), sarch, "grave", "burial mound" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned terms from Edain languages and the aforementioned Sindarin term.

Regarding Tolkien addressing matters of faith, religion and ritual in his works, let us quote letter no. 142 from The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien:

"The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work; unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision. That is why I have not put in, or have cut out, practically all references to anything like “religion,” to cults or practices, in the imaginary world. For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism."

Thus, rather than forcibly incorporate themes of religion and faith into his works, and run the risk of falling for preachiness - something he "cordially disliked", much like the use of blatant allegory - Tolkien preferred to include such themes in the thematic depth of his stories and the character development within them. Especially the themes of hope, faith, temptation, the sometimes thin lines between good and evil (evil as the more outwardly alluring and seductive of the two, offering "easy solutions" and power for power's sake, but ultimately destructive and completely self-destructive). Tolkien is also using "Catholic" not in a purely narrow, church sense, but in a more general, Christian sense, regarding Christian ethics, and humanitarian ethics influenced by Christian philosophy.

Given that Tolkien admitted in his essay On Fairy-stories from 1943, that in his youth, he really enjoyed reading "Red Indian adventure stories", and these somewhat influenced the depiction of his elves, e.g. also the skill of many elves in archery, or probably also the emphasis on woodsman skills in many cultures of Middle-earth, it is not at all surprising that Tolkien's Legendarium also contains examples of a certain amount of sacred respect towards certain natural locations, displayed by several cultures. A sacred respect, in the sense of a respect towards and contact with the supernatural and the spiritual, but without the direct worshipping of nature, in the sense of an idol. Thus, in this area, Tolkien isn't even so much inspired by various "sacred groves", sacred trees and so on, of older European, "pagan" history, but the respect he describes is more reminescent of the respect shown to certain places in the natural world by American indigenous cultures. The symbolic offering of yearly crops and quiet prayer to Eru at the summit of Meneltarma by the Númenoreans certainly evokes an ancient Hebrew religious atmosphere, of the Torah and the Old Testament, while the pilgrimage to the mountain summit of Meneltarma itself can easily evoke both the atmosphere of an annual Christian pilgrimage to a holy site, or the likes of the annual pilgrimage of the indigenous Wixárika (Huichol, of today's Mexico) to their people's desert holy site of Wirikuta. Despite the absence of literal elements that originate in the New World (e.g. almost all agricultural crops from there), Tolkien's Legendarium still includes elements that bring together the cultural and spiritual philosophies of the geographic Old World and the New World.

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Cultural and social occupations

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
alwêmar, alwêmur, alwemê (Ad.), alvêmar, alvêmur, alvemê (W.) - pron. al-vé-mar, al-vé-mur, al-ve-mé - "physician", "healer", "medic" (sg., comm. g.), "physician", "healer", "medic" (sg., masc. g.), "physician", "healer", "medic" (sg., fem. g.) - alwêm, "health" (P-AdW-Ad.), alvêm, "zdravie" (P-AdW-W.), -ur, ending suffix of the masculine gender, singular (Ad./W./P-AdW), -ê, ending suffix of the feminine gender, singular (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and from canon ending suffixes from Westron and Adunaic.
alwemîr, alwemî (Ad.), alvemîr, alvemî (W.) - pron. al-ve-meer, al-ve-mee - "physicians", "healers", "medics" (pl., comm. g. and masc. g.), "physicians", "healers", "medics" (pl., fem. g.) - alwêm, "zdravie" (P-AdW-Ad.), alvêm, "health" (P-AdW-W.), -îr, ending suffix of the masculine gender, plural (Ad./Z./P-AdW), -î, ending suffix of the feminine gender, plural (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and from canon ending suffixes from Westron and Adunaic.
ârgorasar, ârgorasîr - pron. aar-go-ras-ar (-oo- as in "door"), aar-go-ras-eer - "royal advisor", "king's/queen's advisor" - âru-, âr-, "king-", "queen-", "royal-", obj. c. (Ad./P-AdW), gôrasar, "advisor" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "king-advisor".
dandalar, dandalîr, dandalrat - pron. dandalar, dandaleer, dandaleerat - "harper" (sg.), "harpers" (pl.), "a pair of harpers" (dl.) - dandal, "harp" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced term for "harp".
gôrasar, gôrasîr - pron. goo-ras-ar (-oo- as in "door"), goo-ras-eer - "advisor" (sg.), "advisors" (pl.) - gôras, "advice" (P-AdW) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW term.
nituhalad, nitudazgar - pron. nituhalad, nitudazgar - "fireman", "fire-fighter" - nite, "fire" (P-AdW), halad, "guard" (EdL), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.) - A fire-queller, a fireman. Literally "fire-guard" and "fire-warrior"/"fire-fighter" (a "warrior against fire", "a fighter against fire").
sivârhalad, kadarhalad, lômihalad - pron. sivaarhalad, kadarhalad, loomihalad (-oo- in "door") - "city guard", "night watchman" - sivâra, "peace" (P-AdW), kadar, "city" (Ad.), lômi, "night" (Ad.), halad, "guard" (EdL) - Literally "peace-guard(ian)", "city-guard" and "night-guard".
zôri, zôrî - pron. zoori (-oo- as in "door"), zooree - "nurse", "nurses" - zôrî, "nurse", "wetnurse" (Ad.) - Canon Adunaic term. The plural is newly-introduced.

Terminology related to artisan occupations and other manual occupations can be found in the article on the economy, crafts and trade.

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Abstract and figurative terms

NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
amaryôz - pron. amaryooz (-oo- as in "door"), a-mar-y - "fortune", "good luck" (sg.), "fortunes", "instances of good luck" (pl.) - amarto, amar-, "fate" (Q. root), yôz, "gift" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya word root and the canon Adunaic term. Literally "fate-gift".
ârbanad, ârbanîd - pron. aar-ba-nud/nad, aar-ba-need - "royal court", "royal courts" - âr-, "royal", "kingly" (Ad.), banad, "court", "yard", "courtyard" (P-AdW) - Derived from the canon Adunaic prefix and from the newly-introduced P-AdW term derived from Sindarin (and Noldorin). The literal meaning as well as the figurative meaning.
ârnadnasêth - pron. aar-nud-na-séth - "royal line", "royal lineage", "royal offpsring" - âr-, "royal", "kingly" (Ad.), nadan, "after" (P-AdW), nas, "(a) people" (W./P-AdW), nîs, "people" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Westron term.
asayêth, asayîth - pron. us-a-yéth, us-a-yeeth - "comfort", "comforts" - asië, "comfort", "ease", also figuratively (Q.), asya-, "to comfort", "to ease", "to assist" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent).
âurêth - pron. aaur-éth - "possession", "property" - aura, "posession", "property", "a thing that is owned" (Q.), âur-, "property-related", "úossession-related" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a newly-introduced P-AdW term (specifically, a word root).
âuzlêth - pron. aauz-léth - "wealth", "richness" - âuzla, "rich", "wealthy" (P-AdW) - Derived from and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms.
âuzphamrêth, âuzphamrîth - pron. aauz-phum-réth, aauz-phum-reeth - "bounty", "bounties" - âuzlêth, "richness", "wealth" (P-AdW), phamrêth, "plenitude", "plentifulness" (P-AdW) - Derived from and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms.
branda, brandî - pron. bran-duh, bran-dee - "border", "borderland" (sg.), "borders", "borderlands" (pl.) - Brandanîn, "Brandywine", lit. "Border-water", "Water-of-the-borderland" (W.), Brandagamba, "Brandybuck", "Brandybucks", a family from the Brandywine borderland (W.) - A canon Westron term, that occurs e.g. in the name of the Brandywine river, known in Westron as Brandanîn (in elvish as Baranduin). The plural is newly-introduced. Example of usage: branda an-zâyan, "border of a country", "country border", "borderland of a country", brandî an-Sûzat, "borders of the Shire", "borderlands of the Shire".
banadêth - pron. bun-a-déth - "courtship", "courting" - banad, "court", also figuratively (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW terms, the derivative of the abstract meaning of the term "court" and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term.
ekês - pron. ekés - "chance", "coincidence", "random opportunity" - ecesta, "having a chance", "having an opportunity" (Q. reconst) - Derived from the aforementioned reconstructed Quenya term.
endulêth, endulîth - pron. en-du-léth, en-du-leeth - "return", "returning back" (sg.), "returns" (pl.) - entulessë, "return", "returning back" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent).
eradur, eradîr - pron. eh-ra-dur, eh-ra-deer - "ally", "allies" - atharo, "ally" (T.), -ur, ending suffix for persons (W./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Telerin term and the ending suffix from a canon Westron term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent).
eradêth, eradîth - pron. eh-ra-déth, eh-ra-deeth - "alliance", "alliances" - atharo, "ally" (T.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Telerin term and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent).
ginêth, ginîth - pron. gi-néth, gi-neeth - "surety", "certainty" (sg.), "sureties", "certainties" (pl.) - - (P-AdW) - Derived from . The form "with surety", "with certainty" would be ginêthmâ.
gôras - goo-russ (-oo- as in "door") - "advice" - goras, "advice", "piece of advice" (S. reconst.) - Derived from the aforementioned (reconstructed) Sindarin term.
gorûn, gorîn - pron. gor-oon, gor-een - "enemy", "Enemy" (sg.), "enemies" (pl.) - cotto, "enemy" (Q.), coth, gûd, "enemy" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya and Sindarin terms. The capitalized singular form denotes either of the archenemies of the Free Peoples of Middle-earth, Morgoth or Sauron, an enemy with a capital E.
gûrnêth, gûrnîth - pron. goor-néth, goor-neeth - "skill" (sg.), "skills" (pl.) - curu, curwë, "skill" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and a canon Adunaic ending suffix.
imda - pron. im-duh - "will" - mendë, "will" (Q.), indo, "inner state of the mind" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya and Sindarin terms.
inôr, inîr - pron. i-nór (-oo- as in door), i-near - "heart", "hearts" (figurative) - enda, "heart (inner)", "inner world", óre, "heart" (inner state of mind) (Q.), indo, "inner state of the mind" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya and Sindarin terms. Different and distinct from the term for a heart in the physical, literal sense of the word.
izinêth - pron. izinéth - "truth" - izindi, "straight", "true-", "truthful" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and from a canon Adunaic ending suffix.
lakiz - pron. lakiz - "clarity" - liquis, "clarity", "intelligibility" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya word root that means "clarity", "transparency", "intelligibility".
manabêth, manabîth - pron. mana-béth, mana-beeth - "thought", "idea" (sg.), "thoughts", "ideas" (pl.) - manô, "holy spirit", "higher spirit" (Ad.), bêth, "word", "term", "expression", "saying" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "spiritual expression", "soul-expression".
nadnasêth - pron. nud-na-séth - "descendancy", "lineage" - nadan, "after" (P-AdW), nas, "(a) people" (W./P-AdW), nîs, "people" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Westron term.
nata, natîr - pron. nat-uh, nat-ear/nat-eer - "thing", "object", figuratively "matter" (sg.), "things", "objects", figuratively "matters" (pl.) - nat, "thing", "matter" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
niyir, niyîr - pron. ni-yir, ni-yeer - "sorrow", "grief", "lament" (sg.), "sorrows", "griefs", "laments" (pl.) - nairë, naire, "sorrow", "lament" (Q.), nyérë, "grief" (Q.), nië, nírë, "tear" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms.
nolmêth - pron. nolméth - "knowledge" - nolmë, "knowledge" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and the ending suffix from the canon Adunaic term.
phamrêth - pron. phum-réth - "plenitude", "plentifulness" - phamrên, "plenty" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms.
phôlêth, phôlîth - pron. phó-léth (-oo- as in "door"), phó-leeth - "secret", "secrecy" - fólë, "secret", "secrecy" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent).
ran(u), ranî - pron. ran(u), ra-nee - "(a) home", "home" (sg,), "homes" (pl.) - ran(u)-, "home-" (W.), Ranugad, lit. "Stay-at-home" (W.) - A newly-introduced P-AdW term partially derived from a a canon Westron term.
ranuzâira - pron. ranuzaayra - "homesickness", "a yearning for home" - ran(u), "home" (W. / P-AdW), zâira, "longing (for)", "desire" (Ad.) - Derived from the canon Adunaic term and from a partly derived newly-introduced P-AdW term.
ranuzâyan, ranuzâin - pron. ranu-zaa-yan, ranu-zaa-(y)in - "homeland", "one's native land/country" (sg.), "homelands", "one's native lands" (pl.) - ran(u), "home" (W. / P-AdW), zâyan, "land", "country" (Ad.), zâin, "lands", "countries" (Ad.) - Derived from a partly derived newly-introduced P-AdW term and from a canon Adunaic term.
sâibêth, sâibîth - pron. sigh-béth, sigh-beeth - "assent", "approval", "agreement" (sg.), "assents", "approvals", "agreements" (pl.) - sâibêth, "assent" (Ad.) - A canon Adunaic term, with a newly-derived plural form.
sâmne, sâmni - pron. saam-ne, saam-ni - "mind", "minds" - sáma, "mind" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. Compare with the verb saphdâ, "to understand", "to comprehend".
tânaw, tanîv (Ad.), tânav, tanîv (W.) - pron. taa-nuv, ta-neev - "sign", "mark" (sg.), "signs", "marks" (pl.) - tanwa, taina, "sign", "mark" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms.
tûcbatanêth, tûcbatanîth - pron. took-but-a-néth, took-but-a-neeth - "adventure", "adventures" - tûca, "daring", "courageous", "bold" (W.), batân, "road", batîn, "roads" (Ad.), batânur, "traveller", "wayfarer", batanîr, "travellers", "wayfarers" (P-AdW), razanur, "pilgrim", "peregrine" (W.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Westron terms and an ending suffix from canon Adunaic, as well as from a canon Adunaic term and a newly-introduced P-AdW term. Literally "daring travel", "daring travels".
wentêth, wentîth (Ad.), ventêth, ventîth (W.) - pron. wen-téth, wen-teeth, ven-téth, ven-teeth - "friendship", "friendly bond" (sg.), "friendships", "friendly bonds" (pl.) - gwend, "bond" (S.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Sindarin term and canon Adunaic ending suffix.
yôz, yîz - pron. yooz (-oo- as in "door"), yeez - "gift", "present" (sg.), "gifts", "presents" (pl.) - yôz, "gift" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term.
yôzkastar - pron. yoozkastar (-oo- as in "door") - "precious gift", "treasure-as-gift", "tribute" - yôz, "gift" (Ad.), kastar, "treasure" (W.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and aforementioned canon Westron term.
zigirêth, zihirêth saphêth - pron. zigiréth, zihiréth, saphéth - "wisdom", "wise judgement", "understanding", "comprehension" - zigira, zihira, "wise" (P-AdW), saphad, "(he) understood" (Ad.), saphdâ, "to understand", "to comprehend" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms (derived from canon Adunaic and Westron terms) and the suffix from the canon Adunaic term.
zigirbêth, zihirbêth - pron. zigirbéth, zihirbéth - "wise saying", "wise idiom" - zigirla, zihirla, "wise" (P-AdW), bêth, "word", "expression", "expressing (of something)", "saying" (Ad.) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW adjectival term and from the canon Adunaic term.
zîrêth, zîrîth - pron. zeer-éth, zeer-eeth - "love" (sg.), "loves" (pl.) - zîr, "love-" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and canon Adunaic ending suffix.

The ending suffix -êth, common for many nouns expressing abstract concepts, is similar to the elvish equivalent in Quenya, the ending suffix -(e)ssë.

New additions - Nouns - Inorganic nature and geology (terms for units of time measurement and related calendar matters)

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External links

Eldamo.org:
placeholder (l.), placeholder (l.), placeholder (l.)

Elfdict.com:
æfterra ġēola (OE), amdir (S.), word (Ad.), ēastre (OE), ēastermōnaþ (OE), estel (Q.), Hreþmōnaþ (OE), liquis (Q.), quínë(a) (Q.), qíne (EvQ),

Wiktionary:
blotmonaþ (OE), ciðing (OE), ēastre (OE), ēastermōnaþ (OE), frēorig (OE), hærfestmōnaþ (OE), hāliġmōnaþ (OE), Hreþmōnaþ (OE), líða (OE), Solmónaþ (OE), þrimilce (OE), wéodmónaþ (OE), (OE)

What do we know about the divisions and actions of the Maiar in Middle-earth ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Are there any superstitions in Middle-earth ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

How would the relations between Dwarf-Realms had worked ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Could the Dwares of Ered Luin have reclaimed Belegost ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Why did Gondorian civilization remain stagnant ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Why is Arnor important in Middle-earth ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

Did the Dúnedain have marriage customs concerning close kin ? (analytical article by Michael Martinez)

P-AdW: Rozvíjanie Tolkienovej adunajčiny a západčiny

07 decembra 2021

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Translations - Prologue from The Lord of the Rings film trilogy