New additions - Nouns - Culture and society

New vocabulary of P-AdW Adunaic and P-AdW Westron nouns related to the topic of  culture and society.

 

 

This article is largelly complete in terms of its contents and its current state. 

Terms of address

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES      
• aglarnaru, aglarnarî, aglaruzîr - pron. aglarnaru, aglarnaree, aglaruzeer - "sir", "esteemed sir", "esteemend gentlemen", "mister" - aglar, "glory", naru, "man", narî, "men", uzîr, "friends" - The literal meaning is "glorious sir" in the singular number and "glorious gentlemen" or "glorious friends" in the plural number. "Glorious" should be understood here in the figurative sense, such as our "esteemed", i.e. honourable, worthy of respect, of glory. It is used either through a generic term or through one of the more specific terms, depending on the type of being that the addressed person belongs to.
• aglarzini, aglarzinî, aglaruzîr - pron. - aglarzini, aglarzinee, aglaruzeer - "madam", "esteemed lady", "esteemed ladies" - aglar, "glory", zini, "woman", zinî, "women", uzîr, "friends" - The literal meaning is "glorious lady" in the singular number and "glorious ladies" or "glorious friends" in the plural number. "Glorious" should be understood here in the figurative sense, such as our "esteemed", i.e. honourable, worthy of respect, of glory. It is used either through a generic term or through one of the more specific terms, depending on the type of being that the addressed person belongs to.

Additional notes for terms of address aimed at men:

• Under usual circumstances, we say aglarnaru Bilba ("Mr./sir Bilbo"), aglarnaru Éomer ("Mr./sir  Éomer"), aglarnaru Bard ("Mr./sir Bard"), aglarnaru Faramir ("Mr./sir Faramir"), aglarnaru Elrond ("Mr./sir Elrond"), aglarnaru Celeborn ("Mr./sir Celeborn"), aglarnaru Thorin ("Mr./sir Thorin").
• However, if we want to be dilligent concerning the species to which these individual men belong, we should use the more specific terms of address, such as aglarnaru Bilba ("esteemed Mannish gentleman Bilbo", since hobbits are counted among Men, i.e. humans), aglarnaru Éomer ("esteemed Mannish gentleman Éomer"), aglarnaru Bard ("esteemed Mannish gentleman Bard"), aglarnaru Faramir ("esteemed Mannish gentleman Faramir"), but aglarnimrô Elrond ("esteemed elven gentleman Elrond"), aglarnimrô Celeborn ("esteemed elven gentleman Celeborn"), aglarnargô Thorin ("esteemed dwarven gentleman Thorin").

Additional notes for terms of address aimed at women: 

• Under usual circumstances, we say aglarzini Belladona ("Mrs./madam/lady Belladona"), aglarzini Éowyn ("Ms/Mrs./madam/lady Éowyn"), aglarzini Ioreth ("Ms/Mrs./madam/lady Ioreth"), aglarzini Arwen ("Ms/Mrs./madam/lady Arwen"), aglarzini Galadriel ("Mrs./madam/lady Galadriel"), aglarzini Dîs ("Mrs./madam/lady Dís").
• However, if we want to be dilligent concerning the species to which these individual women belong, we should use the more specific terms of address, such as aglaranî Belladona ("esteemed Mannish lady Belladona", since hobbits are counted among Men, i.e. humans), aglaranî Éowyn ("esteemed Mannish lady Éowyn"), aglaranî Ioreth ("esteemed Mannish lady Ioreth"), but aglarnimrî Arwen ("esteemed elven lady Arwen"), aglarnimrî Galadriel ("esteemed elven lady Galadriel"), aglarnargî Dîs ("esteemed dwarven lady Dís").
  
  

Pochopiteľne, mená niektorých týchto mužských a ženských postáv z Tolkienovho sveta (s výnimkou tých elfských) by asi zneli trošku inak v adunajčine a západčine. Théoden, Éomer, Éowyn sú všetko preklady fiktívnych rohanských mien menami v reálnej anglosaštine, či už historickými termínmi, alebo Tolkienom vynájdenými. Mená Thorina a jeho sestry Dís v trpaslíčine - teda ich skutočné mená - nepoznáme, pretože takmer všetky trpasličie mená sú "vonkajšie" verzie ich mien, v ľudských jazykoch, prevažne zo severu Stredozeme. Preto znejú kvázi-škandinávsky a sú konzistentné s menami Tolkienových ľudských Severanov, vrátane ľudí od Údolu, Dlhého jazera, či Beornovho tajomného ľudu. Faramir, Arwen, Elrond a Galadriel sú všetko mená v elfských jazykoch, takže je možné, že by ich v adunajčine alebo západčine vyslovili rovnako alebo len s minimálnymi rozdielmi. V článku o novotvaroch osobných mien a epitet si môžete o tejto téme prečítať viac. E. g., in Westron, the name "Beorn" would likely sound Urugen (od urug, kánonického výrazu pre "medveď"). V západčine by sme preto Tolkienovho slávneho "kožomeňca" pravdepodobne oslovovali aglarnaru Urugen, teda "ctený pán Beorn" (doslovnejšie "slávny pán Beorn"). Hobiti, kožomeňci ako Beorn, i Drúadančania sa všetci počítajú medzi ľudí, takže pri nich stačí oslovenie aglarnaru (pre mužov) a aglarzini (pre ženy).

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Names

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES    
• ezê - pron. ez-eh - "name" - essë, "name" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. 
• placeholder - pron. placeholder - "byname", "second name" - placeholder, "placeholder", (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.

 

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People

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES    
• kadar-lâi - pron. kadar-lie (lie as in "lie") - "city folk", "townsmen", "city inhabitants" - kadar, "city" (Ad.), -lâi, "folk", "people", "inhabitants" (Ad.) - Canon Adunaic term directly from Tolkien's notes and writings on Adunaic. 
• kadaranû, kadarnaru - pron. kadaranoo, kadarnaru - "townsman", "city man" - kadar, "city" (Ad.), anû, "male", "a being of masculine gender" (Ad.), naru, "man" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms.
• kadaranî, kadarzini - pron. kadaraní, kadarzini - "townswoman", "city woman" - kadar, "city" (Ad.), anî, "woman", "a being of feminine gender" (Ad.), zini, "woman" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic terms.
  
• rân-lâi - pron. raan-lie (lie as in "lie") - "villagers", "village folk", "rural folk" - rân, "village" (W.), -lâi, "folk", "people", "inhabitants" (Ad.) - Derived by analogy from the canon Adunaic term kadar-lâi ("city-folk", "townsmen"), with the aforementioned canon Westron and canon Adunaic terms.
• rânanû, rânaru - pron. raananoo (-oo- as in "room"), raanaru - "villager", "village man" - rân, "dedina", anû, "male", "a being of masculine gender", naru, "man" - Derived from the aforementioned canon Westron terms and canon Adunaic terms.
• rânanî, rânzini - pron. ránanee, ránzini - "female villlager", "village woman" - rân, "village", anî, "female", "a being of feminine gender", zini, "woman" - Derived from the aforementioned canon Westron terms and canon Adunaic terms.
• zaranû, zaranaru - pron. zaranú, zaranaru - "old man", "elder" - zara, "old" (W.), anû, "male", "a being of masculine gender" (Ad.), naru, "man" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Westron terms and canon Adunaic terms. It can also be used as a general term for "old man", "geezer", as well as the honorific term "elder".
  
  
  
  

If you are interested in newly-introduced terms for settlements and settled places, housing and furniture, please see this article.

If you are interested in newly-introduced terms for the names of nationalities, please see this article.

If you are interested in newly-introduced terms for the personal names of characters and various epithets (nicknames, bynames), please see this article.



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Clothing, footwear and apparel

Please see this separate article on newly-introduced terms for clothing, footwear and apparel.

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Food, food preparation, the kitchen and cuisine

Please see this separate article on newly-introduced terms for food, food preparation, the kitchen and cuisine.

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(C) Matěj Čadil - Objemná obálka (A Bulky Envelope)

(C) Mirrian Ellis - Three Books of Lore

(C) J. R. R. Tolkien - Bilbo's contract, written in tengwar

(C) Audrey Corman - Thrór's Map

(C) Matěj Čadil - It is precious to me...

Writing, scribe work, written records

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES    
• bêth, bêthi - pron. béth, béthi - "word", "expression", "expression", "saying" (sg.), "words", "terms", "expressions", "sayings" (pl.) -   - Derived from the canon Adunaic term.
• kîrut, kîruti (Ad.), cîrt, cîrti (W.) - pron. keeroot (roughly "key-root"), kíruti ("key-root-ee"), keert, keerti - "letter", "letters" -   - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and Sindarin terms.
• kirtêth, kirtêthi (Ad.), cirtêth, cirtêthi - pron. kirtéf, kirtéfi - "writing script", "writing scripts" -    - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and Sindarin terms.
• barâm, barîm  - pron. baraam, bareem - "book", "books" - parma, "book", "bound work", "book/literary work" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. 
  
• kên - pron. kén - "story", "tale", "history" - quenta, "story", quentale, "history", "annal" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.
• bith-kên - pron. bith-kén - "telling", "storytelling", "oral history" - bith, "to say", "to speak" (Ad.), kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) -
  
• abankên - pron. abankén - "history", "historical events" - aban, "world" (P-AdW), kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "world-story", "story of the world". 
• zarkên - pron. zarkén - "myth", "old legend", "lay" - zara, "old" (W.),  kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Westron term and the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term. Literally "an ancient story", "an ancient tale".
  
• abanirêth - pron. abaniréth - "geography" - aban, "world" (P-AdW), irêth, "description" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "world-description", "description of the world".  
• abanskêl, abanskîl  - pron. abanskél, abanskeel - "map", "maps" - aban, "world" (P-AdW), skêl, "skin" (processed), "parchment" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "world-parchment", "world-skin".

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(C) Lída Holubová - Fireworks

(C) Henning Jansen - The Check Mate

Respite and entertainment

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES  
• dyal - pron. dyal - "game" - tyalië, "game" (Q.), tyalma, "toy" (Q.), tyal- "to play" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and the aforementioned Quenya word root. A general term for "game", "play". It can denote a game as an abstract concept, a game as a specific type of game (sports game, social game, riddles, etc.), child's play, comparing someone's behaviour to a game, to amusing oineself.
• dyalar, dyalanê - pron. dyalar, dyalané - "player" (masc.), "(female) player" (fem.) - dyal, "game" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term for "game". Compare with the Quenya term tyalindo, "player".
• ârudyal - pron. aaru-dyal - "chess" - âru- "king-", "queen-", "royal-", obj. c. (Ad./P-AdW), dyal, "game" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms and from a canon Adunaic term. A term for "chess", or rather, its closest equivalent in Middle-earth (if we don't take Tolkien's "translation" of The Lord of the Rings "from Westron" completely literally, but a bit more figuratively). The literal meaning of the temr is "king-game", "king's game", because the Indo-Persian word shah, shakh (lit. "king", "ruler") could not have existed in its literal real world form among the fictional languages of the various human cultures of Middle-earth (not even in eastern or southern Middle-earth). One of the few hints we get about the existence of a game in the manner of chess, is a reference along the lines of "the board is set, the pieces are moving" and similar, in The Return of the King. It's not clear what the name of the Middle-earth equivalent of chess could have been, but games in a similar spirit (see also senet) would certainly exist.  
• nâithi-rukkîk-dyal - pron. naay-thi-ruk-keek-dyal - "tables" - nâith, "wedge" (P-AdW), nâithi, "wedges" (P-AdW), rukkik, "little-wheel", "wheellet" (P-AdW), rukkîk, "little-wheels", "wheellets" (P-AdW), dyal, "game" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced terms. A term for an equivalent of the real world historic tabletop game "tables", (or its modern counterpart, backgammon). Literally "wedges-wheellets-game", "game of wedges and wheellets", which references the typical appearance of the interior part of the game board and the flattened, circle-shaped, chip-like playing pieces of tables. Though professor Tolkien had stated, that Middle-earth is certainly not "not medieval in the sense of the Late Middle Ages", not an environment of knightly jousting and princesses, the game of tables is so ancient and widespread a tabletop game, that it was well-known already in much earlier centuries. If any tabletop games utilising a game board exist in Middle-earth, this is one of the few candidates that could've really existed in Middle-earth and be relatively common (in terms of popularity, also more widespread than the already mentioned Middle-earth equivalent of chess).    
• lôzukhetêth (Ad.), lôzuhetêth (W.) - pron. looz-u-khet-éth, looz-u-het-éth - "snowball fight" - lôz, "snow" (P-AdW), lôzu-, "snow-", obj. c. (P-AdW), khêta, "to throw", "to toss" (P-AdW-Ad.), hêta, "to throw", "to toss" (P-AdW-W.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "snow-throwing".  
• bavabâre, karz-imab-dûk - pron. ba-vab-aa-re, carz-im-ub-dook - "golf" - bawâb, "wind" (Ad.),  bavâb, "wind" (P-AdW-Z.), abâr, "might", "power" (Ad.), karz, "head" (P-AdW-Z.), imab, "into" (P-AdW), dûk, "hole" (W.) - Derived from canon Adunaic and Westron terms and newly-introduced terms. Literally "mighty-wind", "wind-might", or alternatively, "head-into-hole". Based on the name of the orcish chieftain Golfimbul, whose name is real world Scandinavian in origin and means "wind-mighty", "wind-terrible", etc. The hobbits of the Shire had a legend that when tall-for-a-hobbit Bandobras "the Bullroarer" Took led a force of hobbits in the Battle of the Greenfields, against a force of orcs, he managed to hit the orc chieftain Golfimbul with a wooden club so hard, Golfimbul's head was torn off his body, flew through the air and landed in a rabbit hole. According to legend, this is how the game of golf was invented, and supposedly named after the defeated and beheaded Golfimbul. Regardless of whether the legend is true or not, the Hobbitish Westron name for it would have to reference the meaning of Golfimbul's name, translated to Westron. In addition, there is also another, newly-invented term for this game/sport, which also references this macabre-humorous hobbit legend. Both of the terms only exist in P-AdW Westron and have no P-AdW Adunaic form, as they were not invented yet at the time of P-AdW Adunaic.
• minlukâlophursêth, minlukâlophursîth - pron. minlu-kaalo-phur-séth, minlu-kaalo-phur-seeth - "fireworks", "fireworks" - nitu-, "fire-", obj. c. (P-AdW), kâlo, "svetlo" (P-AdW), phursêth, "gushing", "flowing" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms.  
• nituphargar, nituphargîr - pron. ni-tu-phar-gar, ni-tu-phar-gear - "(a piece of) fireworks", "firecracker" (sg.), "(pieces of) fireworks", "firecrackers" (pl.) - nitu-, "fire-", obj. c. (P-AdW), phargâ, "crack", "snap", "burst" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms.
• ulihald - pron. uli-hulled - "umbrella" - ulin, "rain" (P-AdW), hald, "shield" (figurative), "shielding" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "rain-shield". Umbrellas and parasols are some of the more anachronistic devices/tools available to hobbits of The Shire (the wealthier ones at least), but since they exist, there might as well be a term for them in P-AdW Westron.
• ûrehald - pron. oore-hulled - "parasol" - ûre, "sun" (P-AdW), hald, "shield" (figurative), "shielding" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "sun-shield". Umbrellas and parasols are some of the more anachronistic devices/tools available to hobbits of The Shire (the wealthier ones at least), but since they exist, there might as well be a term for them in P-AdW Westron.

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(C) John Howe - An Unexpected Party

(C) Kent Burles, Kamran Sedaghatkish - Cherry lute (Middle-earth Roleplaying)

Music and musical instruments

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES    
• dandal, dandîl - pron. dandal, dandeel - "harp" (sg.), "harps" (pl.) - tanta, tantila, "harp" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. 
• dandalar, dandalîr, dandalîrat - pron. dandalar, dandaleer, dandaleerat - "harper" (sg.), "harpers" (pl.), "duo of harpers" (dl.) - dandal, "harp" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW term.
  
• dandalsarm, dandalsarmî - pron. dandalsarm, dandalsarmee - "harpstring" (sg.), "harpstrings" (pl.) - dandal, "harp" (P-AdW), sarm, "string", "cord" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW terms. The variants with the definite article are dandalsarmet (sg.) and dandalsarmît (pl.). 
• kalutera, aphanutera - pron. kalutera, aphanutera - "lute", "cither", "kantele" - kali, "merry" (W.), kalda, "merriment", "joy" (fan. add. W.), aphana, "bliss" (Ad.), aphanu-, "bliss-" (Ad.), ter, "wood" (P-AdW), tera, "piece of wood", "wooden object" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Westron and Adunaic terms and newly-introduced terms. Literally "joy-wood", "merry-wood" or "bliss-wood", a nod at the use of "joy-wood" as a poetic term for a musical instrument in Beowulf, one of Tolkien's keen areas of interest. 
• kwîntera, sarmîgkwîna - pron. queen-tera, sarmeeg-queen-a - "fiddle" - kwîn-, "squeak-" (P-AdW), kwîna, "squeaker", "squeaking thing" (P-AdW), sarmîg, "strings" (P-AdW), tera, "piece of wood", "wooden object" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "squeak-wood" or "string-squeak-er". 
• lârdandal, lârdandîl - pron. laardandal, laardandeel - "lute", "guitar" (sg.), "lutes", "guitars" (pl.) - lango, "neck", "throat", lanco, langon, "throat" (Q.), lang, "neck", "throat" (S.), dandal, "harp", dandîl, "harps" (P-AdW), langandë, "guitar", "lute", "necked-harp" (Q., neologism), langan(d), "guitar", "lute", "necked-harp" (S., neologism) - Derived from and inspired by the aforementioned Quenya terms and Sindarin terms (including inspired by the Quenya and Sindarin neologisms for "lute" or "guitar") and by derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW term.
  
• lînbêth - pron. línbéf - "music" - lindalë, "music" (Q.), bêth, "expression", "word" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and canon Adunaic term.
• lînth - pron. leenth (or leanth) - "song", "ditty" - lindë, "song" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.  
• nêyel, neyîl - pron. néy-el, ney-eel - "bell" (sg.), "bells" (pl.) - nyellë, "bell" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. 
• nêylezimpi - pron. néy-le-zim-pi - "clarinet" - nêyel, "bell" (P-AdW), nêyle-, "bell-", obj. c. (P-AdW), zimpi, "flute", "(musical) pipe", "woodwind" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "bell-flute", "bell-pipe", reflecting the real world origin of the term clarinet (from French clarinette, a diminutive of clarion, a term for "trumpet" derived from the word for "small bell", referring to the bell-shaped lower end of the instrument).
• niyirlînth - pron. niyir-leenth (or niyir-leanth) - "elegy", "lament", "dirge" - niyir, "sorrow", "grief", "lament" (P-AdW), lînth, "song" (Q.) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW terms. 
  
• pâlomba, pâlombi - pron. paalomba, paalombi - "drum" (sg.), "drums" (pl.) - pâla, "to hit" (P-AdW), palampa, "drum" (Q., neologism) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW term and from the aforementioned Quenya neologism. 
• ras, rîs - pron. russ, rees - "horn" (sg.), "horns" (pl.) - ras, "horn" (W.) - A canon Westron term and its newly-introduced plural form.   
• rûtaras, rûtarîs - pron. root-a-russ, root-a-rees - "trumpet" (sg.), "trumpets" (pl.) - rûta, rûtaz, "metal" (P-AdW), ras, "horn" (W.) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Westron term. Literally "metal-horn".
• zimpi - pron. zim-pi - "flute", "pipe", "woodwind" - simpa, simpina, "flute", "pipe", "woodwind" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms.  

 

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Dramatic arts

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES     
  
• dyal-kên, dyalkên - pron. dyalkén - "stage play" - dyal, dyal-, "game", "to play" (P-AdW), kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) - Literally "theatrical story".  
• dyalkênar - pron. dyalkénar - "play-actor", "actor", "theatre actor" - dyal, dyal-, "play", "game", "to play" (P-AdW), kên, "story", "tale" (P-AdW) - Literally "the player of a theatrical story".

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Calendars

a.) The Shire calendar

Note that all of the ortography and pronunciations are only in P-AdW Westron.

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES     
  
• Sattid an Cêrlureba - pron. Sutt-id un Care-lu-re-ba - "2 Yule" - satta, "two" (Ad.), sattid, "second" (P-AdW), an, "of", genitive suffix (Ad.), Cêrlureba, Cêrluba, "Yuletide", "New-year" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally the "2nd of New-year", "2nd of Yule". Rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 22^nd of December. The Quenya elvish equivalent term was Yestarë.  
• Nadcêrlureba, Nadcêrluba - pron. Nud-care-lu-re-ba, Nud-care-lu-ba - "Afteryule" - nad-, "after-" (P-AdW), Cêrlureba, "Yuletide" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "After-New-year" (i. e. the hobbit Yule), based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of January, æfterra ġēola ("after-Yule"). This first month lasts between the real world's 23^rd December to 21^st January and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's January. The hobbits of the Eastfarthing of The Shire used the Bree-land term "Frery" instead of "Afteryule".   
• Dâihuloba, Dâihloba - pron. Die-h(u)-loba - "Solmath" - dâih-, "mud-" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "mud-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of February, Solmónaþ ("mud-month"). The hobbits' favoured shorter colloquial form Dâihloba in P-AdW Westron is analogous to the shorter colloquial form Somath in English. This second month lasts between the real world's 22^nd January to 20^th February and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's February.    
• Râhuba - pron. Raahuba - "Rethe" - râhu-, "rough", "tough", "difficult" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced terms. Literally "rough-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of March, Hreþmōnaþ ("rough-month"). This third month lasts between the real world's 21^st February to 22^nd March and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's March.     
• Ûrazûloba - pron. Oor-azoo-loba - "Astron" - ûrenazûl, "dawn", "sunrise" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Easter-month", "Dawn-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of April, ēastermōnaþ ("Easter-month", "Dawn-month"), from the word, ēastre, "Easter", "Dawn" (itself derived from a Proto-West-Germanic word that denoted "dawn", and figuratively "east"). This fourth month lasts between the real world's 23^rd March to 21^st of April and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's April. The hobbits of the Eastfarthing of The Shire used the Bree-land term "Chithing" instead of "Astron".       
• Nîldilimba - pron. Neel-di-lim-ba - "Thrimidge" - nîlda, "three" (P-AdW), ilim, "milk" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Three-milk-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of May, þrimilce ("Three-milk-givings"). This fifth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd April to 21^st May and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's May.     
• Obmôigal, Obmôigloba - pron. Ob-mooy-gull (-oo- as in "door"), Ob-mooy-glob-uh - "Forelithe" - ob-, "fore" (Ad.), oban, "fore", "before" (P-AdW), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term (prefix) and newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Fore-lithe", "Fore-mild". This sixth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd May to 20^th June and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's June. Lithe is a newer form of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) word líða, which denoted the months of June and July (and is a cognate to "summer" terms from other Indo-european languages, e.g. Slavic leto, léto, etc.). The original meaning of líða ("lithe") is "mild", hence "Mild-month", "Lithe-month", and the derived "Fore-mild" and "After-mild". The hobbits of the Eastfarthing of The Shire used the Bree-land term "Lithe" instead of "Forelithe".        
• Îrt an Môigal - pron. Ear-t un Mooy-gull (-oo- as in "door") - "1 Lithe" - îr, "one" (P-AdW), îrt, "first" (P-AdW), an, "of", genitive suffix (Ad.), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môig-/môigu-, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced P-AdW terms (including one derived from a Quenya term). Literally the "1st of Mild", "1st of Lithe". The "1st of Lithe" in the Shire calendar is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 21^st June.
• Andûrebla ûrepûh - pron. Und-oo-reb-luh oo-re-pooh - "Mid-year's Day" - and, "mid-" (P-AdW), ûreba, "year" (P-AdW), -la, adjectival suffix (P-AdW), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. This day in the Shire calendar is the Rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 22^nd June. It is not rendered with a possessive suffix in P-AdW and is not considered part of the week, with a usual name of the day. The concept of "Midsummer" is, in turn, Andalâil, e.g. "Midsummer's Eve" / "Midsummer Eve" is Andalâil-lômi, Andalâila lômi. 
• Amlumôigal, Amlumôigurepûh - pron. Um-luh-mooy-gull, Um-luh-mooyg-u-re-pooh - "Overlithe" - amlad, "above" (P-AdW), amlada, "upwards" (P-AdW), amlu-, "above" / "upwards", obj. c. (P-AdW), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môig-/môigu-, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûrepûh, "day" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. A leap day in the Shire calendar that only occurs on leap years (i.e. every four years) after Mid-year's Day. 
• Sattid an Môigal - pron. Sutt-id un Mooy-gull (-oo- as in "door") - "2 Lithe" - satta, "two" (Ad.), sattid, "second" (P-AdW), an, "of", genitive suffix (Ad.), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môig-/môigu-, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced P-AdW terms (including one derived from a Quenya term). Literally the "2nd of Mild", "2nd of Lithe". The "2nd of Lithe" in the Shire calendar is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 23^rd June.
• Nadmôigal, Nadmôigloba - pron. Nud-un-mooy-guh (-oo- as in "door"), Nud-un-glob-uh (-oo- as in "door") - "Afterlithe" - nad-, "after" (Ad.), nadan, "after" (P-AdW), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môig-/môigu, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term (prefix) and newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "After-lithe", "After-mild". This seventh month lasts between the real world's 24^th June to 23^rd July and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's July. Lithe is a newer form of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) word líða, which denoted the months of June and July (and is a cognate to "summer" terms from other Indo-european languages, e.g. Slavic leto, léto, etc.). The original meaning of líða ("lithe") is "mild", hence "Mild-month", "Lithe-month", and the derived "Fore-mild" and "After-mild".       
• Salguloba - pron. Sull-gu-loba - "Wedmath" - salêg, "grass" (P-AdW), salgu-, "grass", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Grass-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of August, wéodmónaþ ("grass-month"). This eighth month lasts between the real world's 24^th July to 22^nd August and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's August.   
• Âivuloba - pron. I-vu-loba / Aay-vu-loba - "Halimath" - âival, "holy", "sacred" (P-AdW), âivu-, "holy", "sacred", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Holy-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of September, hāliġmōnaþ ("holy-month"). This ninth month lasts between the real world's 23^rd August to 21^st September and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's September.    
• Hrîlkândloba - pron. Hreel-kaand-loba - "Winterfilth" - hrîl, "winter" (P-AdW), hrîl-, "winter-", obj. c. (P-AdW), kândla, "full", "filled", adj. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Winter-filling-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of October, Winterfylleþ ("Winter-filling", "Winter-full-moon"). This tenth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd September to 21^st October and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's October.    
• Gâuthloba - pron. Gaauth-loba - "Blotmath" - gâuth-, "offer", "offering", "sacrifice" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Offering-month", "Sacrifice-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for November, blotmonaþ, ("month of sacrifice"). This eleventh month lasts between the real world's 22^nd October to the 20^th November and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's November.     
• Obcêrlureba, Obcêrluba - pron. Ob--care-lu-re-ba, Ob-care-lu-ba - "Foreyule" - ob-, "fore-", "before-" (P-AdW), Cêrlureba, "Yuletide" (P-AdW) - Literally "Before-New-year" (i.e. the hobbit Yule). Tolkien had seemingly based it on logical extrapolation of the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of January, æfterra ġēola ("after-Yule"), as already noted earlier, above. This twelfth month lasts between the real world's 21^st November to 20^th December and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's December. The hobbits of the Eastfarthing of The Shire used the Bree-land term "Yulemath" instead of "Foreyule".  
• Îrt an Cêrlureba - pron. Ear-t un Care-lu-re-ba - "1 Yule" - îr, "one" (P-AdW), îrt, "first" (P-AdW), an, "of", genitive suffix (Ad.), Cêrlureba, Cêrluba, "Yuletide", "New-year" (P-AdW) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms and newly-introduced P-AdW terms (including one derived from a Quenya term). Literally the "1st of Mild", "1st of Lithe". Rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 21^st of December. The Quenya elvish equivalent term was Mettarë.

b.) Bree Calendar

Note that all of the ortography and pronunciations are only in P-AdW Westron.

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES     
  
• Nihuloba - pron. Ni-hu-loba - "Frery" - nikhe, "frost", nikhâ, "to freeze" (P-AdW-W.), nihe, "frost", nihâ, "to freeze" (P-AdW-W.), nihu-, "frost-", "freez-", obj. c. (P-AdW-W.), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Frost-month", "Freeze-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term frēorig ("freezing"). This first month lasts between the real world's 23^rd December to 21^st January and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's January.    
• Dâihuloba, Dâihloba - pron. Die-h(u)-loba - "Solmath" - dâih-, "mud-" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "mud-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of February, Solmónaþ ("mud-month"). The hobbits' favoured shorter colloquial form Dâihloba in P-AdW Westron is analogous to the shorter colloquial form Somath in English. This second month lasts between the real world's 22^nd January to 20^th February and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's February.   
  
• Râhuba - pron. Raa-hu-ba - "Rethe" - râhu-, "rough", "tough", "difficult", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "rough-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of March, Hreþmōnaþ ("rough-month"). This third month lasts between the real world's 21^st February to 22^nd March and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's March.      
• Tvîlvaruba, Tvîlvarba - pron. Tveel-va-ru-ba, Tveel-var-ba - "Chithing" - tvîlvara, "to sprout", "to spring from", "to germinate", especially plants, fungi, etc. (P-AdW), tvîlvarin, "sprouted", "springing from", "germinated" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Sprout-month", "Sprouting-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term ciðing ("chithing", "germinating", "sprouting"). This fourth month lasts between the real world's 23^rd March to 21^st of April and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's April.    
• Nîldilimba - pron. Neel-di-lim-ba - "Thrimidge" - nîlda, "three" (P-AdW), ilim, "milk" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Three-milk-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of May, þrimilce ("Three-milk-givings"). This fifth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd April to 21^st May and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's May.    
• Môigal - pron. Mooy-gull (-oo- as in "door") - "Lithe" - moica, "mild", "gentle" (Q.), môigal, môigla, "mild" (P-AdW), môigu-, "mild", obj. c. (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and newly-introduced P-AdW terms (derived from the Quenya term). Literally "Mild". This sixth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd May to 20^th June and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's June. Lithe is a newer form of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) word líða, which denoted the months of June and July (and is a cognate to "summer" terms from other Indo-european languages, e.g. Slavic leto, léto, etc.). The original meaning of líða ("lithe") is "mild", hence "Mild-month", "Lithe-month".    
• Alâil-ûrepûhit - pron. Uh-lie-ill-oo-re-pooh-it - "The Summerdays" - alâil, "summer" (P-AdW), alâil-, "summer", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûrepûhi, "days" (P-AdW), -t, definite article (W.) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and the canon Westron suffix for the definite article. Literally "The Summer-days". Rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's 21^st to 23^rd June, with a leap day in between depending on the year.
  
• Lâiruloba, Lâirloba - pron. Lie-r-(u)-loba - "Mede" - lâira, "meadow" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "meadow" or "meadow-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term mede ("meadow"). This seventh month lasts between the real world's 24^th June to 23^rd July and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's July.    
• Salguloba - pron. Sull-gu-loba - "Wedmath" - salêg, "grass" (P-AdW), salgu-, "grass", obj. c. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Grass-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of August, wéodmónaþ ("grass-month"). This eighth month lasts between the real world's 24^th July to 22^nd August and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's August.    
• Kirimloba - pron. Ki-rim-loba - "Harvestmath" - kirim, "harvest", "collecting of crops" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Harvest-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of September, hærfestmōnaþ ("harvest-month"). This ninth month lasts between the real world's 23^rd August to 21^st September and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's September. 
• Hrîlnoba - pron. Hreel-noba - "Wintring" - hrîl, "winter" (P-AdW), hrîl-, "winter-", obj. c. (P-AdW), kândla, "full", "filled", adj. (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Winter-filling-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for the month of October, Winterfylleþ ("Winter-filling", "Winter-full-moon"). The Bree-land form of the name is slightly different than the Shire form, and likely just means "wintry", "wintry-month". This tenth month lasts between the real world's 22^nd September to 21^st October and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's October.    
• Gâvloba - pron. Gaav-loba - "Blooting" - gâuth-, "offer", "offering", "sacrifice" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "Offering-month", "Sacrifice-month", based on the original Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term for November, blotmonaþ, ("month of sacrifice"). The Bree-land form of the name is slightly different than the Shire form. This eleventh month lasts between the real world's 22^nd October to the 20^th November and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's November.   
• Cêrlureba - pron. Care-lu-reh-ba - "Yulemath" - cêrla, "new" (P-AdW), cêrlu-, "new-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûreba, "year" (P-AdW), nîloba, "month" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "New-year-month". This twelfth month lasts between the real world's 21^st November to 20^th December and is the rough equivalent of the Gregorian calendar's December.
  

Important note: The terms for all of these parts of The Shire and Bree calendars are in P-AdW Westron, not in P-AdW Adunaic. The P-AdW Adunaic terms would not be used for these calendars, since they were created by Westron users, Adunaic having largelly fallen out of use by the times of a self-governing Shire and Breeland. However, it is possible to retrofit these terms into P-AdW Adunaic by following the different phonetic and ortographic rules of P-AdW Adunaic.

c.) Other calendar terms and holiday terms

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES      
• andalâil - pron. und-uh-lie-l - "midsummer" - and, "middle", and-, "mid-" (P-AdW), alâil, "summer" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "mid-summer". Corresponds to the Mid-year's Day of the Shire and the Summerdays of the Bree-land.    
• alâila ûrenamiyêth - pron. uh-lie-luh oo-ren-a-mee-ye - "summer solstice" - alâila, "summer", adj., "summerly" (P-AdW), ûre, "sun" (P-AdW), amîye, "less" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Adunaic suffix. Literally "summer sun-lessening" (or just "sun-lessening") in P-AdW Westron, based on the fact that the days begin to get shorter and nights longer after the summer solstice. 
• andihrîl - pron. un-di-hreel - "midwinter" - and, "middle", andu-, andi-, "mid-", obj. c. (P-AdW), hrîl, "winter" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "mid-winter". Occurs after Yule.    
• hrîlal ûrinkonêth - pron. hree-lull oo-rin-ko-néth - "winter solstice" - hrîlal, "winter", adj., "winterly" (P-AdW), ûre, "sun" (P-AdW), rînkonêth, "return" (P-AdW), amanar, "Yule", "winter solstice" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Adunaic suffix. Literally "winter sun-return" (or just "sun-return") in P-AdW Westron, based on the fact that the days beging to get longer and nights shorter after the winter solstice. Also, literally "up-sun" (amanar) in Tolkien's canon Quenya.
• tvîlal imdurepûhêth - pron. tveel-ul imd-u-rep-ooh-éth (-oo- as in "door") - "spring equinox" - tvîlal, "spring", adj., "springtime", adj. (P-AdW), îmdala, "the same" (P-AdW), ûrepûhi, "days" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Adunaic suffix. Literally "spring same-day-ness" in P-AdW Westron, referring to the roughly equal length of a day and night at such a date (also similar to the real world Latin term, i.e. "equal-night").
• kalabîla imdurepûhêth - pron. cull-ub-ee-la imd-u-rep-ooh-éth (-oo- as in "door") - "autumn/fall equinox" - kalabîla, "autumn", adj., "fall", adj. (P-AdW), îmdala, "the same" (P-AdW), ûrepûhi, "days" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Adunaic suffix. Literally "autumn same-day-ness", "fall same-day-ness" in P-AdW Westron, referring to the roughly equal length of a day and night at such a date (also similar to the real world Latin term, i.e. "equal-night").
• Cêrlureba, Cêrluba - pron. Care-lu-reh-ba, Care-lu-ba - "Yuletide", "New-year" - cêrla, "new" (P-AdW), cêrlu-, "new-", obj. c. (P-AdW), ûreba, "year" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned newly-introduced P-AdW terms.

----

(C) David Greset - Noirinan, the Valley of Tombs

Faith and spiritual matters

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES    
• âiwanaz (Ad.), âivan(a)z (W.) - pron. aayvan(a)z - "fane", "holy place", "sacred place" - âiwan, âivan, "posvätné" (P-AdW), ainas, "fane", "sacred place", "holy place" (Q.) - An important note: Given the story developments and the various setting elements in Tolkien's Legendarium, it is important to bear in mind that even the Númenoreans did not have temples in the typical sense. The tallest mountain of Númenor, Meneltarma (Minul-târik in Adunaic) was a sacred site, the top of the mountain used several times a year for annual spiritual rituals, in which Númenoreans gave thanks to a Higher power (i.e. to Eru). However, there was no temple at the top of the mountain, no fane in the sense of a dedicated building, nor even any megalithic architecture "for decorative purposes". It was simply a natural, flat mountain peak top, used as a site of pilgrimage for traditional ceremonies of devout thanksgiving. It is because of this that I don't consider it likely that the Númenoreans speaking Adunaic, or their descendants and other human nations in Middle-earth, speaking Westron, would ever use the term "temple" in the same sense as we would use terms like temple, church, chapel, synagogue, mosque, etc. In other words, âiwanaz does not mean a temple or fane in the sense of "building", "structure" intended for religious and spiritual meetings and rituals, but instead means practically any place (usually outside in nature), which carries within itself a certain sacred significance. Tolkien had repeatedly pointed towards the fact that though his characters often reflect the values of Abrahamic religions, and religious and secular ethical principles, he didn't go into overblown dissection of the practical and ritual aspects of their faiths and their spirituality. Besides the annual ceremonies of thanksgiving upon the summit of Meneltarma, we only know of Faramir's "prayer" seen in The Lord of the Rings (in The Two Towers), where he and a few fellow Gondor rangers quietly look towards the east, where the sun rises, and then quietly look outward from the opening in the cave next to the waterfall, gazing silently towards the west. Given Melkor's and Sauron's repeated manipulations throughout the history of Middle-earth - i.e. they wanted to be worshipped as (false) deities, Sauron even tricking the Númenoreans at the tail end of their civilizations's existence into building  him a kitschy temple and doing human sacrifices - we can conclude, that many cultures in Middle-earth had an aversion to constructing buildings intended for religious purposes. Maybe they also had an aversion towards "worshipping" forms of rituals, precisely because they associated such actions with their archnemeses such as Melkor, Sauron, etc. As an author, Tolkien generally presented these peoples respect for the Higher Powers of the world in the form of humility and introspection, rather than on the level of worshipping idols.  
• amdêr - pron. um-dér - "hope" - amdir, "hope" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Sindarin term.
• estêl - pron. es-tél - "hope" - estel, "hope" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. 
• kyêrme - pron. kyérma, kyér-muh - "prayer" - kyermë, "prayer" (Q.), erukyermë, "Prayer to Eru" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms.
  
• manô - pron. manoo (-oo as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "spirit" (also in a figurative sense), "supernatural being" - manô, "spirit", "supernatural being" (Ad.) - Canon Adunaic term.
  
• mandyôz - pron. mand-yooz (-oo- as in "door" or "a" in "hall") - "the Gift of Men" - mand-, word root for "(final) fate", a reference to Mandos, the Vala guarding the Halls of Mandos, yôz, "gift" (Ad.) - More literally "the gift of final fate". The Men of Arde have the gift of being true mortals and don't need ot bother with the toll of immortality like elves (elven souls, even after a violent death, leave for Aman, where they can, in time, incarnate and be re-embodied into new bodies, but the souls of Men, and likely also the souls of hobbits and dwarves leave for another place, perhaps an entirely spiritual, soul-natured world). 
• nôyar, nôyri - pron. noo-yar ("-oo" pron. as in "door"), nooy-ri ("-oo" pron. as in "door") - "tomb", "grave" (sg.), "tombs", "graves" (pl.) - noirë, "tomb", "grave" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. A term for stone tombs and for graves, including graves with a stone framework and stone cladding.    
• tûrsak (Ad.), tûrsac (W.) - pron. toor-suck, tour-suck - "barrow", "barrow grave", "burial mound" - tûr, "barrow", "burial mound", "barrow grave" (EdL), sarch, "grave", "burial mound" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned terms from Edain languages and the aforementioned Sindarin term.

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Cultural and social occupations

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES
• ârgorasar, ârgorasîr - pron. aar-go-ras-ar (-oo- as in "door"),  aar-go-ras-eer - "royal advisor", "king's/queen's advisor" - âru-, âr-, "king-", "queen-", "royal-", obj. c. (Ad./P-AdW), gôrasar, "poradca" (P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. Literally "king-advisor". 
• dandalar, dandalîr, dandalrat - pron. dandalar, dandaleer, dandaleerat - "harper" (sg.), "harpers" (pl.), "a pair of harpers" (dl.) - dandal, "harp" (P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced term for "harp".
• gôrasar, gôrasîr - pron. goo-ras-ar (-oo- as in "door"), goo-ras-eer - "advisor" (sg.), "advisors" (pl.) - gôras, "advice" (P-AdW) - Derived from a newly-introduced P-AdW term. 
• nituhalad, nitudazgar - pron. nituhalad, nitudazgar - "fireman", "fire-fighter" - nite, "fire" (P-AdW), halad, "guard" (EdL), azgar, "warrior" (Ad.) - A fire-queller, a fireman. Literally "fire-guard" and "fire-warrior"/"fire-fighter" (a "warrior against fire", "a fighter against fire").
  
• sivârhalad, kadarhalad, lômihalad - pron. sivaarhalad, kadarhalad, loomihalad (-oo- in "door") - "city guard", "night watchman" - sivâra, "peace" (P-AdW), kadar, "city" (Ad.), lômi, "night" (Ad.), halad, "guard" (EdL) - Literally "peace-guard(ian)", "city-guard" and "night-guard".
  
• zôri, zôrî - pron. zoori (-oo- as in "door"), zooree - "nurse", "nurses" - zôrî, "nurse", "wetnurse" (Ad.) - Canon Adunaic term. The plural is newly-introduced.
  

Terminology related to artisan occupations and other manual occupations can be found in the article on the economy, crafts and trade.

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Abstract and figurative terms

• NEW ADDITIONS - PRONUNCIATION - MEANING - DERIVED FROM... - NOTES    
• amaryôz - pron. amaryooz (-oo- as in "door"), a-mar-y - "fortune", "good luck" (sg.), "fortunes", "instances of good luck" (pl.) - amarto, amar-, "fate" (Q. root), yôz, "gift" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya word root and the canon Adunaic term. Literally "fate-gift".
• ârbanad, ârbanîd - pron. aar-ba-nud/nad, aar-ba-need - "royal court", "royal courts" - âr-, "royal", "kingly" (Ad.), banad, "court", "yard", "courtyard" (P-AdW) - Derived from the canon Adunaic prefix and from the newly-introduced P-AdW term derived from Sindarin (and Noldorin). The literal meaning as well as the figurative meaning.
• ârnadnasêth - pron. aar-nud-na-séth - "royal line", "royal lineage", "royal offpsring" - âr-, "royal", "kingly" (Ad.), nadan, "after" (P-AdW), nas, "(a) people" (W./P-AdW), nîs, "people" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Westron term. 
• asayêth, asayîth - pron. us-a-yéth, us-a-yeeth - "comfort", "comforts" - asië, "comfort", "ease", also figuratively (Q.), asya-, "to comfort", "to ease", "to assist" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent).  
• âurêth - pron. aaur-éth - "possession", "property" - aura, "posession", "property", "a thing that is owned" (Q.), âur-, "property-related", "úossession-related" (P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and from a newly-introduced P-AdW term (specifically, a word root).  
• âuzlêth - pron. aauz-léth - "wealth", "richness" - âuzla, "rich", "wealthy" (P-AdW) - Derived from and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. 
• âuzphamrêth, âuzphamrîth - pron. aauz-phum-réth, aauz-phum-reeth - "bounty", "bounties" - âuzlêth, "richness", "wealth" (P-AdW), phamrêth, "plenitude", "plentifulness" (P-AdW) - Derived from and from newly-introduced P-AdW terms. 
• branda, brandî - pron. bran-duh, bran-dee - "border", "borderland" (sg.), "borders", "borderlands" (pl.) - Brandanîn, "Brandywine", lit. "Border-water", "Water-of-the-borderland" (W.), Brandagamba, "Brandybuck", "Brandybucks", a family from the Brandywine borderland (W.) - A canon Westron term, that occurs e.g. in the name of the Brandywine river, known in Westron as Brandanîn (in elvish as Baranduin). The plural is newly-introduced. Example of usage: branda an-zâyan, "border of a country", "country border", "borderland of a country", brandî an-Sûzat, "borders of the Shire", "borderlands of the Shire".  
• banadêth - pron. bun-a-déth - "courtship", "courting" - banad, "court", also figuratively (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW terms, the derivative of the abstract meaning of the term "court" and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term.  
• ekês - pron. ekés - "chance", "coincidence", "random opportunity" - ecesta, "having a chance", "having an opportunity" (Q. reconst) - Derived from the aforementioned reconstructed Quenya term.
• endulêth, endulîth - pron. en-du-léth, en-du-leeth - "return", "returning back" (sg.), "returns" (pl.) - entulessë, "return", "returning back" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent). 
• eradur, eradîr - pron. eh-ra-dur, eh-ra-deer - "ally", "allies" - atharo, "ally" (T.), -ur, ending suffix for persons (W./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Telerin term and the ending suffix from a canon Westron term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent). 
• eradêth, eradîth - pron. eh-ra-déth, eh-ra-deeth - "alliance", "alliances" - atharo, "ally" (T.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Telerin term and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent).
• ginêth, ginîth - pron. gi-néth, gi-neeth - "surety", "certainty" (sg.), "sureties", "certainties" (pl.) -  - (P-AdW) - Derived from     . The form "with surety", "with certainty" would be ginêthmâ.
• gôras - goo-russ (-oo- as in "door") - "advice" - goras, "advice", "piece of advice" (S. reconst.) - Derived from the aforementioned (reconstructed) Sindarin term.
• gorûn, gorîn - pron. gor-oon, gor-een - "enemy", "Enemy" (sg.), "enemies" (pl.) - cotto, "enemy" (Q.), coth, gûd, "enemy" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya and Sindarin terms. The capitalized singular form denotes either of the archenemies of the Free Peoples of Middle-earth, Morgoth or Sauron, an enemy with a capital E.
• gûrnêth, gûrnîth - pron. goor-néth, goor-neeth - "skill" (sg.), "skills" (pl.) - curu, curwë, "skill" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms and a canon Adunaic ending suffix.   
• imda - pron. im-duh - "will" - mendë, "will" (Q.), indo, "inner state of the mind" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya and Sindarin terms.
• inôr, inîr - pron. i-nór (-oo- as in door), i-near - "heart", "hearts" (figurative) - enda, "heart (inner)", "inner world", óre, "heart" (inner state of mind) (Q.), indo, "inner state of the mind" (S.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya and Sindarin terms. Different and distinct from the term for a heart in the physical, literal sense of the word. 
• izinêth - pron. izinéth - "truth" - izindi, "straight", "true-", "truthful" (Ad.), -êth,  ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and from a canon Adunaic ending suffix. 
• lakiz - pron. lakiz - "clarity" - liquis, "clarity", "intelligibility" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya word root that means "clarity", "transparency", "intelligibility".
• manabêth, manabîth - pron. mana-béth, mana-beeth - "thought", "idea" (sg.), "thoughts", "ideas" (pl.) - manô, "holy spirit", "higher spirit" (Ad.), bêth, "word", "term", "expression", "saying" (Ad.) - Derived from canon Adunaic terms. Literally "spiritual expression", "soul-expression".
• nadnasêth - pron. nud-na-séth - "descendancy", "lineage" - nadan, "after" (P-AdW), nas, "(a) people" (W./P-AdW), nîs, "people" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW)  - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms and a canon Westron term. 
• nata, natîr - pron. nat-uh, nat-ear/nat-eer - "thing", "object", figuratively "matter" (sg.), "things", "objects", figuratively "matters" (pl.) - nat, "thing", "matter" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term.  
• niyir, niyîr - pron. ni-yir, ni-yeer - "sorrow", "grief", "lament" (sg.), "sorrows", "griefs", "laments" (pl.) - nairë, naire, "sorrow", "lament" (Q.), nyérë, "grief" (Q.), nië, nírë, "tear" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms.
• nolmêth - pron. nolméth - "knowledge" - nolmë, "knowledge" (Q.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and the ending suffix from the canon Adunaic term. 
• phamrêth - pron. phum-réth - "plenitude", "plentifulness" - phamrên, "plenty" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms.
• phôlêth, phôlîth - pron. phó-léth (-oo- as in "door"), phó-leeth - "secret", "secrecy" - fólë, "secret", "secrecy" (Q.), -êth,  ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term and the ending suffix from a canon Adunaic term (and its newly-introduced plural equivalent). 
• ran(u), ranî - pron. ran(u), ra-nee - "(a) home", "home" (sg,), "homes" (pl.) - ran(u)-, "home-" (W.), Ranugad, lit. "Stay-at-home" (W.) - A newly-introduced P-AdW term partially derived from a a canon Westron term.
• ranuzâira - pron. ranuzaayra - "homesickness", "a yearning for home" - ran(u), "home" (W. / P-AdW), zâira, "longing (for)", "desire" (Ad.) - Derived from the canon Adunaic term and from a partly derived newly-introduced P-AdW term.
• ranuzâyan, ranuzâin - pron. ranu-zaa-yan, ranu-zaa-(y)in - "homeland", "one's native land/country" (sg.), "homelands", "one's native lands" (pl.) - ran(u), "home" (W. / P-AdW), zâyan, "land", "country" (Ad.), zâin, "lands", "countries" (Ad.) - Derived from a partly derived newly-introduced P-AdW term and from a canon Adunaic term. 
• sâibêth, sâibîth - pron. sigh-béth, sigh-beeth - "assent", "approval", "agreement" (sg.), "assents", "approvals", "agreements" (pl.) - sâibêth, "assent" (Ad.) - A canon Adunaic term, with a newly-derived plural form.
• sâmne, sâmni - pron. saam-ne, saam-ni - "mind", "minds" - sáma, "mind" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya term. Compare with the verb saphdâ, "to understand", "to comprehend".
• tânaw, tanîv (Ad.), tânav, tanîv (W.) - pron. taa-nuv, ta-neev - "sign", "mark" (sg.), "signs", "marks" (pl.) - tanwa, taina, "sign", "mark" (Q.) - Derived from the aforementioned Quenya terms.
• tûcbatanêth, tûcbatanîth - pron. took-but-a-néth, took-but-a-neeth - "adventure", "adventures" - tûca, "daring", "courageous", "bold" (W.), batân, "road", batîn, "roads" (Ad.), batânur, "traveller", "wayfarer", batanîr, "travellers", "wayfarers" (P-AdW), razanur, "pilgrim", "peregrine" (W.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from canon Westron terms and an ending suffix from canon Adunaic, as well as from a canon Adunaic term and a newly-introduced P-AdW term. Literally "daring travel", "daring travels".  
• wentêth, wentîth (Ad.), ventêth, ventîth (W.) - pron. wen-téth, wen-teeth, ven-téth, ven-teeth - "friendship", "friendly bond" (sg.), "friendships", "friendly bonds" (pl.) - gwend, "bond" (S.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from the aforementioned Sindarin term and canon Adunaic ending suffix.    
• yôz, yîz - pron. yooz (-oo- as in "door"), yeez - "gift", "present" (sg.), "gifts", "presents" (pl.) - yôz, "gift" (Ad.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term.
• yôzkastar - pron. yoozkastar (-oo- as in "door") - "precious gift", "treasure-as-gift", "tribute" - yôz, "gift" (Ad.), kastar, "treasure" (W.) - Derived from the aforementioned canon Adunaic term and aforementioned canon Westron term.
• zigirêth, zihirêth  saphêth - pron. zigiréth, zihiréth, saphéth - "wisdom", "wise judgement", "understanding", "comprehension" - zigira, zihira, "wise" (P-AdW), saphad, "(he) understood" (Ad.), saphdâ, "to understand", "to comprehend" (P-AdW), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from newly-introduced P-AdW terms (derived from canon Adunaic and Westron terms) and the suffix from the canon Adunaic term.
• zigirbêth, zihirbêth - pron. zigirbéth, zihirbéth - "wise saying", "wise idiom" - zigirla, zihirla, "wise" (P-AdW), bêth, "word", "expression", "expressing (of something)", "saying" (Ad.) - Derived from the newly-introduced P-AdW adjectival term and from the canon Adunaic term.
• zîrêth, zîrîth - pron. zeer-éth, zeer-eeth - "love" (sg.), "loves" (pl.) - zîr, "love-" (Ad.), -êth, ending suffix for abstract concepts (Ad./P-AdW) - Derived from a canon Adunaic term and canon Adunaic ending suffix.   

The ending suffix -êth, common for many nouns expressing abstract concepts, is similar to the elvish equivalent in Quenya, the ending suffix -(e)ssë.

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Related articles

Slovak language version of this article






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External links

Eldamo.org:
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Elfdict.com:
   æfterra ġēola (OE), amdir (S.), word (Ad.), ēastre (OE), ēastermōnaþ (OE), estel (Q.), Hreþmōnaþ (OE), liquis (Q.), quínë(a) (Q.), qíne (EvQ), 

Wiktionary:
  blotmonaþ (OE), ciðing (OE), ēastre (OE), ēastermōnaþ (OE), frēorig (OE), hærfestmōnaþ (OE), hāliġmōnaþ (OE), Hreþmōnaþ (OE), líða (OE), Solmónaþ (OE), þrimilce (OE), wéodmónaþ (OE),  (OE)

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